Motorola Inc.(pronounced Motorola Incorporated) is a now disbanded American company, which was once one of the world leaders in the field of integrated telecommunications, and embedded electronic systems... Ranked 110th in the Fortune 500 of the largest companies in the United States in 2010. The headquarters was located in Schaumburg, near Chicago, Illinois (USA).

The history of Motorola dates back to 1928, when Galvin Manufacturing was founded by two brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin on September 25th. The design and production of electronic devices became the profile of the new enterprise.

They start their business not from scratch, but with a foundation. So they previously bought a factory for the production of AC rectifiers. And Paul by this time had little experience, though negative: he was engaged in the production of batteries for a portable radio.

However, the beginning of this venture was not particularly rosy. The assets of the company contained only $ 565, equipment for setting up the production of network power supplies and a standard design of the network rectifier.

It was the first products that were rectifiers, which made it possible to power a portable radio from the network. Later, radios were added to them, namely, two years after the appearance of the new company. It was an inexpensive and most importantly practical device for use in automobiles, which cost $ 110.

It is from this moment that the name Motorola is used. To highlight the types of products for car radios, the brothers introduced a new name - Motorola, which was formed by two English words Motion (movement) and Victrola (at that time the name of the most famous radio receiver). Later, the line of radios was replenished with portable ones.

Six years later, the brothers release a special solution designed for police officers. They were new radios that were tuned to only one wave.

This was not the end of the matter, anticipating the outbreak of World War II, Paul begins to design a portable army radio station. The main task of the new development was the ability to provide duplex communication.

A year later, an updated series of radios appears on sale. At that time, almost half of American families had at least one radio in their home. The brothers want the other half to have them. For this, in 1938, an active national advertising campaign was launched, in which road billboards, street advertising and, of course, advertising in print media of those times were used.

And by 1940, the company's revenue reached nearly $ 10 billion, thanks to military orders from the government. At the same time, Daniel Noble, a pioneer in the field of radio communications and semiconductor technologies, joined the company as head of the scientific department.

Three years later, a modified walkie-talkie called Walkie-talkie appeared, which became even smaller and more advanced. Interestingly, its appearance on the market secured the name of devices for a whole class, exactly like copiers in Russia (after the name of the company that produces Xerox copiers) or jeeps (Jeep car brand).

The war ends, and Paul Galvin begins his search for new markets. So in 1947, the Golden View was created, which became the first Motorola TV. And the new product becomes widespread, and all thanks to the low price ($ 179.95 versus $ 300 for a competitor's TV). The same year is also known for the fact that Paul Galvin decided to change the name of the company, calling it more succinctly and briefly - Motorola Inc.

In 1948, agreements are signed between Motorola and Ford, Chrysler. Under the terms of the documents, Motorola began supplying autoradio receivers for their subsequent installation on manufactured cars. A little later, a third, General Motors (GM), was added to these two companies.

A year later, under the leadership of Daniel Noble, Motorola's R&D facility is established in Phoenix, Arizona. And thanks to his efforts, the company becomes one of the world's largest semiconductor manufacturers. At that time, Motorola employs 9325 people, and sales volume reaches almost $ 178 million.

In 1956, an apparatus was born that made a revolution, it was a pager. The new device made it possible to transmit radio messages to a specific person who has the same device. They were the first to become interested in the hospital's novelty.

In the same year, Motorola is organizing a more massive production of transistors and semiconductors, to meet the demand from other partner companies. The company becomes a supplier of semiconductors to other manufacturers.

Over the next years, the company has been pursuing a development strategy in several areas and directions at once. Radio receivers are being improved, the production of synchronous generators, which are used in cars, begins.

It is thanks to Motorola that we know today about such a technical innovation as CRT (used in color TVs). After the invention of the tube, the first transistor color televisions appeared on the market. Also, the company's products find their place in space, used in NASA programs.

For example, in 1962, a Motorola repeater was installed on the Mariner 2 spacecraft that took part in the flight to Venus. NASA's collaboration with Motorola made it possible to provide radio communications for this expedition over a distance of 87 million kilometers. In 1969, the collaboration continues. And this time, the first words spoken from the moon by astronaut Neil Amstrong are transmitted to Earth via a Motorola repeater.

And two years earlier, Motorola launched a plan to expand its international activities. As part of this program, numerous businesses have been established in countries such as England, Australia, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Separately, I note that joint ventures were created in Japan and France specifically for the production of automotive products.

In 1974, the company revolutionized again, creating its first microprocessor, indexed 6800. Later, the company would become one of the leaders in this market.

However, we know more about Motorola as a brand under which mobile phones are produced. The company was at the very origins of the emergence of cellular communications, however, as well as a mobile phone.

The revolution was simple - Motorola released an almost pocket phone weighing only one kilogram (!). The problem was that before Motorola phones were on sale, there were only cordless phones for cars weighing more than 10 kg. They were produced by AT&T and were intended to be installed in the trunk of a car. The actual Motorola DynaTAC (Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage), which weighed only 1 kilogram, was literally “ready to go”.

In the history of Motorola, creating the first phone was a rather expensive project, it took 10 years of research and a budget of $ 100 million. Interestingly, the creation was carried out in parallel with competitors from AT&T Bell Laboratories (work began on the creation of the first phone back in 1946). This is why, on April 3, 1973, the first call was made by Martin Cooper to Joel Engel of AT&T.

By 1980, the company had achieved sales of $ 3,098,763,000. The staff already has 71,500 employees. An increase in the production of electronic components for the automotive industry is becoming a priority area of ​​development. Electronic engine control modules are produced especially for Chrysler, Ford, General Motors (GM), which made it possible to use fuel efficiently.

For the next decade, the company's attention was paid to the development of cellular communications and the improvement of mobile devices. The result - in 1983, a lighter mobile phone was produced, and in 1985 contracts were concluded with operators for the provision of cellular communications in Philadelphia, New York, Hong Kong and Beijing.

In the early 90s, sales reached $ 10,885,000,000, and the company has 105,000 employees.

And the company opened the new millennium with the release of the first phone with a built-in FM tuner. We know it under the name Motorola V2288.

Over the following years, many different new products of the company appeared among the phones, but Motorola was not able to gain a foothold in the sales leaders. Although nowadays, mobile phones are almost the main source of income for the company.

Today, the company's products are presented in the field of radio communications, wireless broadband solutions and, most importantly, telecommunications equipment.

origin of name

The company was named after one of its first products - a vehicle, plus the -ola ending of the brand name of the then popular Victrola home radio.

Structure

Motorola had 3 key divisions:

• Enterprise mobility solutions ( Enterprise Mobility Solutions)
• Mobile solutions for home and network operators ( Home & Networks Mobility)
• Mobile devices ( Mobile Devices)

Mergers and acquisitions

In 1999, the discrete semiconductor division () was separated into a separate company. In 2004, the integrated semiconductor business () was separated into Freescale Semiconductor. In 2006, Freescale Semiconductor was acquired by a consortium led by Blackstone Group LP, making it the largest privately held technology company acquisition and one of the world's top ten deals.

Since the early 2000s, Motorola Inc. begins to regularly incur losses, after which there have been several restructuring and getting rid of unprofitable divisions. Since the mid-2000s, the company's main problems have been associated with losses of the production division mobile phones, which by the beginning of 2011 was finally spun off into a separate company Motorola Mobility.

On September 19, 2006, Motorola acquired Symbol Technologies, Inc. (Symbol trademark was owned by The Enterprise Mobility Company; U.S. headquarters). Symbol has approximately 900 patents in laser scanning, barcode imaging, RFID, laser projection displays, mobile computing technologies, wireless technologies and has produced over 7 mil. barcode scanners and data collection terminals. The deal amounted to about $ 3.9 billion ($ 15 per share).

It was split into two independent companies Motorola Solutions and Motorola Mobility (the separation process was completed on January 4, 2011). Motorola Inc. shareholders received shares of both the first and the second company. The primary assignee of most of the intellectual property and assets of Motorola Inc. became Motorola Solutions. Motorola Mobility was subsequently sold to Google (the deal, totaling $ 12.5 billion, was closed in May 2012).

In July 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks reached an agreement with Motorola Inc. on the acquisition of part of Motorola Solutions division related to wireless networking equipment for $ 1.2 billion.

On January 4, 2011, the process of separation of Motorola Inc. was completed. into two independent companies Motorola Solutions and Motorola Mobility.

In August 2011, it was announced that it had reached an agreement to take over Motorola Mobility by Google; transaction value - $ 12.5 billion.

On January 30, 2014, Lenovo signed a deal with Google to purchase the Motorola Mobility division for $ 2.9 billion.

Lenovo will retain its current Motorola brand entirely, as it did in 2005 with the acquisition of the ThinkPad from IBM. Google will retain the vast majority of Motorola's patents, which will continue to be used to protect the entire Android ecosystem.

Motorola in Russia

The company's representative office in Russia was opened in 1993, and in the second half of the 2000s, the number of its personnel reached a thousand people. However, then the company ceded its share of the Russian mobile phone market to competitors, and made a decision from January 1, 2011 to close its sales office in Moscow (Motorola Mobility sales office). At the same time, the representative office of Motorola Solutions (solutions for corporate customers and businesses to create iDEN infrastructure) continues its activities in the Russian Federation.

Interesting Facts

• In addition to cell phones, Motorola produced: modems for cable television networks, devices for charging household batteries (galvanic cells), equipment for WiMAX networks, repeaters and professional radio stations.
• Almost all official pictures of Motorola phones display 11:35 AM or the track length in the player is 11:35. It was at 11:35 a.m. on April 3, 1973 that Motorola employee Martin Cooper made the world's first mobile phone call to the head of research at Bell Labs, Joel Engel.

Milestones in Motorola's History

1928
Paul W. Galvin (1895-1959) and his brother Joseph E. Galvin (1899-1944) purchase an AC rectifier business from the bankrupt Stuart Storege Battery Company in Chicago, Illinois. On September 25, 1928, they found the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation.

1928
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation - rents premises at 847 West Harrison Street, Chicago. It has five employees and has a payroll of $ 63 for the first week. The corporation's assets include $ 565 in cash, $ 750 worth of equipment, and a "battery replacement" (rectifier) ​​design, the company's first product.

1930
Net sales are $ 287,256.

1930
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation manufactures the first practical and affordable car radio. Paul Galvin comes up with the name Motorola for the company's new products, combining the concepts of "movement" and "radio".

1936
The Polis Cruiser, an AM radio tuned to a single frequency to receive police messages, represents the first attempt at Motorola's entry into the new field of radio communications.

1937
A new series of household radios has been announced. More than half of American families already own radios. Motorola is committed to providing them with the other half.

1938
A nationwide advertising campaign was launched using print media, road billboards and street advertisements.

1940
The net sales volume is 9,936,558 USD. The number of employees is 985 people.

1940
Daniel Noble (1902-1980), a pioneer in FM radio and semiconductor technology, joins Motorola as Research Director. A communications department is created. In 1941, a subsidiary corporation was organized, responsible for the sale of Motorola Communications and Electronics Inc. products.

1940
Motorola develops handheld transceiver for the first time for the US Army Signal Corps. Walkie talkie with amplitude modulation "Handy-Toki" turns into one of the symbols of the Second World War.

1941
In Bowling Green, Kentucky, Motorola's first comprehensive AM modulation police radio transceiver system is installed. Motorola introduces the first commercial series of FM radio transceivers.

1943
The first portable FM radio, the backpack-friendly Walkie Talkie, was developed at Motorola by Dan Noble. When worn in the hand, the Handy Toki plays a vital role in communication on battlefields throughout Europe and the South Pacific during World War II.

1947
The Motorola trademark is already so widely known that the company's name, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, is being changed to Motorola Incorporated.

1948
Motorola's first product in the television business, the $ 179 Golden View VT71 TV, is the first TV to be priced below $ 200.

1948
Motorola begins supplying car radios to Ford and Chrysler plants for installation in vehicles. Soon the production of all radios installed by General Motors was placed in the hands of the company.

1949
In the Dispatcher series of FM radio transceivers, the company took advantage of the expanded frequency range allocated to a rapidly growing number of industrial and commercial users.

1949
Daniel Noble opens Motorola R&D facility in Phoenix, Arizona. Anticipating the enormous potential of the newly invented transistors, he is helping Motorola become one of the world's largest semiconductor manufacturers.

1950
Net sales volume - 177,104,669 USD. Number of employees - 9325 people.

1955
Motorola adopts the company's new bat-shaped M logo.

1956
Motorola's first consumer product built using transistors was a car radio. It is more compact and more durable than its predecessors, and also consumes less power from the car's battery.

1956
Another radio communication device - a compact radio receiver called a "pager" makes it possible to transmit radio messages selectively to a specific person who carries it with him. Pagers are among the first to be adopted by hospitals.

1956
Robert W. Galvin is named President of Motorola Incorporated. Paul W. Galvin is elected Chairman of the Board and becomes Chief Administrator.

1956
Where Motorola used to make transistors and semiconductors exclusively for use in its own radios, televisions and other communication devices, the company is now becoming a commercial manufacturer and supplier of semiconductors for sale to other manufacturers. The Semiconductor Products Division is established.

1959
Motorola introduces Motrack, the first two-way mobile radio with a fully transistorized power supply and receiver. Low power consumption allows you to use it without turning on the car engine. Although Motrak costs twice as much as its predecessor models, it sells well.

1959
The X-11 Portable Pocket Radio is Motorola's first all-transistor radio.

1960
Net sales volume of USD 299,065,922. The number of employees is 14,740 people.

1961
With the development of a variety of low-cost silicon rectifier technologies for automotive synchronous alternators, the synchronous alternator is becoming an economical replacement for a shorter-life alternator. The Automotive Division begins production of synchronous generators, thus establishing the company as a supplier of under-hood electronics.

1962
In its flight to Venus, the Mariner 2 spacecraft used a Motorola repeater to provide radio communications at a distance of 54 million miles (87 million km).

1962
Motorola introduces HT-200 FM fully transistor handheld transceiver radio station Handy-Toki. The 33 ounce (936 g) walkie-talkie has been called "brick" for its shape and robust construction.

1964
As a joint development with National Video, Motorola creates the first rectangular CRT for color TVs. This CRT is fast becoming the industry standard.

1965
As the cost of manufacturing semiconductors declines, their use in consumer electronics is expanding, resulting in a large market. Motorola responds with a full range of cheap plastic transistors. The design of these devices is ultimately adopted by the entire semiconductor industry.

1967
A circle is added to the company logo.

1967
Motorola introduces the Quasar series of color televisions, America's first fully transistor-assembled color televisions. They are designed for ease of repair, a feature highlighted by the Works in a Drawer trademark.

1967-1978
Motorola is expanding its international operations with businesses in many countries, including Australia, England, Mexico and Puerto Rico. In France and Japan, joint ventures for the production of automotive and other products are being created.

1969
Astronaut Neil Armstrong's first words on the moon are transmitted to Earth through a repeater designed and manufactured by Motorola's Government Electronics Division.

1969
The new handheld radio with FM released by "Motorola" is two times smaller and lighter than the previous model NT-200. This new model, the NT-220 Handy-Toki, is based on the use of two specially designed integrated circuits, replacing a total of 51 independent parts.

1970
The net sales volume is 796,418,521 USD. The number of employees is 36,000 people.

1971
The Motorola radio receiver is installed on the Rover lunar rover to provide voice communication at a distance of 240 thousand miles (386 thousand km) between the Earth and the Moon. This receiver is a hundred times more sensitive than a conventional car radio, while weighing only one and a half pounds (680 g).

1974
Motorola begins production of its first microprocessor - 6800. Among the first buyers - companies in the automotive, communications, industry, office equipment.

1974
Motorola's consumer TV businesses, including those produced under the famous Quasar brand, have been sold.

1976
Motorola opens its 325-acre international headquarters in Shamburg, on the outskirts of Chicago, Illinois.

1977
An experimental radiotelephone system called "cellular" by analogy with "cells" - the layout of base stations is being tested.

1978
Motorola introduces a series of computer-controlled radio systems and trunking-based communications devices. The trunking method allows operators to efficiently use congested parts of the range.

1979
Motorola introduces its first 16-bit microprocessor, the 68000. With a speed of up to 2 million operations per second, it can be used to run programs for scientific development, data processing and business.

1979
The overall quality of Motorola's products and operations is reviewed in detail at a meeting of corporate executives. By the mid-1980s, a company-wide quality improvement program was launched.

1980
The net sales volume is 3,098,763,000 USD. The number of employees is 71,500 people.

1980
Voyager I photographs of Saturn. Data sent to Earth over a billion miles away. Motorola equipment installed on Voyager I and II is the primary means of communication with the Earth.

1980
Automotive electronics are becoming a priority market for Motorola's microprocessors. Fuel-efficient electronic engine control modules are manufactured for Ford, General Motors and Chrysler.

1983
After many years of development, the first DynaTAC cellular system is launched. 1984 Motorola creates the first 32-bit microprocessor, the MC68020, with 200,000 transistors providing up to 1 billion bits of memory access. Also released MC68HC11 microcontroller.

1984
Motorola creates the first 32-bit microprocessor, the MC68020, with 200,000 transistors providing up to 1 billion bits of memory access. Also released MC68HC11 microcontroller.

1985
Contracts were signed for the provision of cellular systems for New York, Philadelphia, Beijing and Hong Kong, as well as for expanding the configuration of systems in the UK, Scandinavia and Japan. Cellular Group and Motorola Computer Systems merge to form General Systems Group.

1986
Motorola is investing over $ 40 million in employee education. The Motorola Training and Education Center (MTEC) becomes central to the new Galvin Center for Continuing Education. In 1990 MTEC becomes Motorola University.

1987
Motorola launches its latest car radio. New products include instrumentation for cars and trucks, as well as on-board computers.

1988
Motorola wins the first Malcom Baldrige National Quality Award, initiated by the US Congress to support American businesses in product quality.

1989
Launched the smallest and lightest MicroTAC cell phone.

1990
Net sales 10,885,000,000 USD Employees 105,000 people.

1990
The Electronic Products Division, on government orders, supplies radio equipment for the Galileo, Magellan and Hubble Spaсe telescopes.

1991
The development of a satellite communication system continues, which will provide the ability to connect a subscriber anywhere in the world. The Iridium system consists of small LEO satellites linked into a single network.

1991
Exhibits at the new Motorola Electronics Museum highlight the close relationship between Motorola's evolution and the electronics industry

1993
The new Power PC microprocessor, co-created by Apple Computer, IBM and Motorola, uses Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) technology to speed up its operation.

1993
The annual demand for pagers in China rises to almost 4 million. Motorola produces pagers in China, India, Japan, Singapore and South Korea as well as in Europe and the Americas.

1994
The Messaging, Information and Media Sector (MIMS) begins to develop technologies and markets for non-voice wireless communications and multimedia products.

1994
The company has 33,000 employees in the Asia-Pacific region.

1995
The Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (iDEN) combines wireless data delivery and messaging technologies.

1996
The StarTAC handset is the smallest and lightest satellite phone in the world.

1996
Motorola announces M-Star satellite communications for global voice, video and high-speed data transmission.

1996
Radio Forte having software for handwriting recognition and two-way radio function, receives the Industrial Design Award for Communication Equipment.

1997
Christopher Galvin, grandson of founder Paul Galvin, appointed as CEO of Motorola

1998
Motorola is restructuring its communications business to allocate resources efficiently and respond quickly and appropriately to consumer expectations.

1999
Launched the smallest and lightest cell phone v3688.

2000
The world's first commercial cell phone to support GPRS technology was the MOTOROLA Timeport P7389i. In 2000, it was discontinued and replaced by the more advanced MOTOROLA Timeport 260.

2000
Launched iRadio ™ Telematics Systems. Java-based software platform for motorists allows you to connect to customized local services, quickly receive almost any information about the vehicle's location and the shortest route to a specified location, listen to music of your choice, do e-commerce and use e-mail. And all this - thanks to the latest electronic devices with speech recognition and some other features - right in the car, without being distracted from control.

2001
Released Personal Communicator Motorola V100 - mobile organizer and mobile terminal in one device.

2002
Motorola has launched the most progressive and most expressive mobile phone ever - the Motorola V70. Small, lightweight and sophisticatedly stylish phone. Interchangeable metal display rings, blue keyboard backlighting along with advanced features will make even the most progressive young people stand out from the crowd. This apparatus is simply gorgeous and superbly simple!

2002
The world's first wireless cable modem gateway.
In 2002, Motorola released the SURFboardAE SBG1000 cable modem gateway, which was the world's first to combine the functions of a high-speed cable router, Ethernet switch, and wireless home gateway. Thanks to him, cable television subscribers were able to use their cable system to share Internet access and wirelessly connect multiple computers to a network.

2003
Introduced in 2003, the Motorola A760 cell phone became the world's first device to combine the Linux operating system and Java technology, providing full PDA functionality.

2004
In 2004, Motorola introduced the RAZR V3 cell phone, an ultra-thin quad-band flip phone in metal case... The 13.9mm phone featured an aircraft-grade aluminum body and a host of other design and engineering innovations such as a nickel-plated keyboard.

2005
In 2005, Motorola's MOTOMESH mobile wireless network was one of the first mesh networks to integrate licensed broadband into a single access point. mobile radio operating at 4.9 GHz and unlicensed Wi-Fi radio. Mesh (blended) networks allowed public safety workers to quickly create a network wireless devices united in a radio relay communication system.

2006
In 2006, Motorola introduced the MING touchscreen smartphone in Asia. It is equipped with an advanced handwriting recognition program and can distinguish over 10,000 characters of the Chinese alphabet.

2007
In 2007, Motorola and Symbol Technologies, Inc. introduced to the market products and systems designed for enterprises to meet their communications and data processing needs, including simplified mobile computing, advanced data collection and radio frequency identification (RFID).

2007
Motorola is ranked fourth in CRO magazine's list of America's 100 Best Corporate Citizens. It includes companies that have achieved success in the areas of management, environmental protection, community service and employment. It is worth noting that in 2007 Motorola took the fourth place in the list for the second year in a row and for the fourth time in its history was in the top ten companies.

Few know where this leader and foreman began. mobile communications... Yes, it is Motorola that is considered the pioneer of full-fledged mobile communications. But the history of the brand does not begin with mobile phones. Let's go in order.

Paul Galvin

The future founder of the company is interesting enough as a person to pay special attention to him.

Innovator was born on June 29, 1895 at Harvard. Already at the age of 13, instead of school, the young man was engaged in trade at the local train station. Then in his assortment there was only popcorn, and the local authorities often drove the boy from the platform. Over time, the station master resigned himself.

For the next six years, until he entered the university, Paul earned honestly, replacing cotton wool with sandwiches or ice cream. He felt great society, but did not intend to legitimize his business.

In 1917 he went to work. During the First World War, Galvin curried himself out to the captain and returned to a calm civilian life. Nevertheless, the subsequent device for a battery factory did not kill the young man's craving for his own business.

First attempts

In production, he meets Edward Stewart, with whom they opened their own company for the production of batteries. True, three years later, the government sealed the office right along with Paul's coat. Failure to pay taxes is to blame.

Two years later, the former partners gather in Chicago and again step on the same rake. Again the production of batteries, but this time for two years.

Interestingly, after putting the company's property up for auction, Galvin collects the last $ 750 and buys out his own equipment for the production of network power supplies from the state.

Paul Galvin (left) and Joseph Galvin (right)

A younger brother, Joseph Galvin, came to the rescue. He became Paul's new partner, investing $ 565 in the new company along the way. So in 1928 the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation was born.

This time everything was formalized according to the letter of the law. From the surviving documents, it follows that at the start, only five employees were subordinate, who received $ 63 of salary in the first week.

The company was engaged in the production of network rectifiers. They allowed radios to be plugged into an outlet, thereby eliminating the need for batteries. It was a very break-even business, but not very profitable, which prompted Paul to look for new niches.

It's impossible! But we will do ...

In the early twenties of the last century, America literally lived on cars and radios. These were two novelties that a fairly broad masses could afford. But the combination of these two directions became problematic.

Interference from the generator and ignition turned the radio signal into mush, so you had to turn off the engine to listen to the wave. But one of the company's engineers, William Lear, dared to suggest that Paul concentrate on developing a car radio.

If such a radio is possible, it will be immediately banned, because it will distract the driver from the road.

But despite his harsh statement, Paul soon changes his point of view. After all, he came across an ad where it was proposed to install a converted radio in a car for $ 240.

Then, in a very typical style for himself, he simply set a task for his employees: "to make a car radio for less than $ 240".

Surprising, but doesn't always work

During the preparation of the material, several references were found to a rather strange incident. Completely different sources said that one finished copy caught fire almost around the bend after installation.

What is known for sure is that the team worked in a very difficult mode. The development was carried out at an accelerated pace. The company aimed at the Atlantic City Radio Manufacturers Association convention.

The working model was ready two days before the event and Paul had to do the final debugging right on the road. Yes, the first copy was installed in his car.

Already together with his wife, Galvin demonstrated the development to everyone. And despite the skepticism, the novelty was greeted very warmly. And the cost of the finished copy was estimated at $ 110.

Motorola emerges

It was decided to launch radios on the market under a new trademark, which was named Motorola.

According to the first version, the word came from the merger of motion and Victrola. The first stood for movement, and the second was the brand name for the most popular stationary radios.

If we talk about another version, then it says that instead of motion, the word motor is the basis. Although there are supporters of the third theory. Motor + ola, the latter was often used to denote radio engineering.

And despite the fact that the first receiver went on sale in 1930, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation existed until 1947, until it received the name of its most popular brand.

War or business?

In 1936 Galvin and his family went to Europe. A wonderful holiday darkens the feeling that new hostilities are imminent. It seemed to many that this was the nonsense of a former officer. But he was determined to create systems for military communications.

These roads, the autobahns, weren't built just for cars. These are roads for military equipment.

At that time, the US Army was armed with bulky communication systems operating in the "listen, talk" mode. And Paul set a new challenge for his engineers: "create a new device with duplex radio communication (as in a telephone conversation)."

In 1940, Professor Daniel Noble, a true pioneer in the world of radio communications, joined the work. The first Handie-talkie was released the same year. And for the duration of hostilities, the US Army becomes the main customer of the company.

Handie-talkie
Walkie-talkie

In 1943, the longer-range Walkie-talkie communication system was released. At the same time, in connection with the ban on the collection and sale of civilian vehicles, all the auto-radio receivers in the warehouses were converted into stationary ones. This move made it possible to keep the distribution network under control.

Bigger is not better

The war was drawing to a close and the question of finding a new way of development for the company was brewing. At that time, TVs were produced by RCA, had a diagonal of 10 inches and cost $ 300. Paul again challenges engineers to "make a 7.5-inch TV for $ 175.95."

Despite the skepticism of the team, the idea turned out to be a genius. The company was really able to release a TV set with the parameters Paul required. During the first year of sales (1947-1948), 100,000 copies were sold, the device became truly massive.

At the same time, it was possible to acquire the assets of Detrola, which had a direct agreement with the automaker Ford. As a result of the deal, Motorola was able to start supplying radio tape recorders directly to the auto industry, so that buyers got their cars from the radio.

Family business

Paul Galvin got his only son Robert into the company. And far from an important post. Robert met Galvin Manufacturing Corporation at the age of 16 when he started working in a warehouse.

Initially, the work assumed a temporary nature, but the young man remained in the family business, gradually climbing independently all the steps of the career ladder.

Paul Galvin with his son Robert Galvin

And so in 1948, when Paul was 53 years old, his son Robert became executive vice president of Motorola. The father constantly monitored the actions and decisions of his son to make sure that he was able to effectively manage a large company.

In 1956, Robert Galvin served as president of the company and consulted regularly with his father until 1959, when Paul Galvin passed away.

Achievement chain

In 1956 Motorola launches a pager. The US government purchases it for medical staff to improve work efficiency.

In 1958 the company joins the space race with NASA. Thanks to the transistor radio, the whole world was able to hear the famous words of Neil Armstrong during the landing on the moon.

In 1960 managed to release the world's first wireless transistor TV, the Motorola Astronaut TV. The novelty had a 19-inch screen and instantly became a hit of sales.

In the same year, the company launches production in Mexico and opens a representative office in Japan, starting to produce semiconductors and integrated circuits for the local market.

In 1966 the whole world saw the smallest portable TV receiver Tiny Tim TV. For its work, only four AA batteries were required.

In 1972 the mobile communication complex MODAT was released, which was very much liked emergency services and the police. With its help, the dispatcher could easily contact the driver, informing him of any important information.

Together with this, the DVP system was launched, which was engaged in voice encryption. She was actively used by special services.

Martin Cooper makes the world's first cell phone call

April 13, 1973, project manager for the creation of a personal phone, Martin Cooper made the world's first phone call from mobile device... To do this, he got to the center of Manhattan and right from the prototype made a call to the head of development of a similar project at AT&T.

Guess where I'm calling from? I'm calling you from a real cell phone.

The DynaTAC 8000X model was released into the series, which contained a modest 30 numbers. address book... After a 10-hour charge, it was possible to make about 30-40 minutes of negotiations.

In 1974 the company introduced its first processor. The clock frequency of the novelty was 2 MHz, 78 operations were placed in the command system.

In 1981 the company announces its decision to reduce scrap to 0.00044% through a new management concept. If you do not delve into the principle of operation, you can simply notice that over the next 5 years the number of rejects decreased by 90% without losing productivity.

Six Sigma was so effective that competitors began to adopt it. And the origins of the development were associated with the supervision of one of the leaders, Bill Smith, who followed the scheme of work of Japanese enterprises.

In 1989 the company launches the first compact cell phone with a screen. The MicroTAC 9800X had a modest display and was priced at $ 3,500. Not everyone could afford it, but the device did not become less breakthrough from this.

Serious investment

With a separate dark line, you can develop your own satellite communications in the early nineties.

It all started with the creation of a subsidiary company Iridium LLC, in which Motorola invested $ 400 million, simultaneously getting into numerous debts, because five billion were required for a successful launch!

It was planned to launch 77 satellites into orbit, which were supposed to provide stable reception of satellite communications around the world. And almost $ 200 million was poured into the advertising campaign.

But at the time of launch in 1998, the market situation had changed specifically. The level of cellular coverage, as well as the quality of communication itself, has become much better. And instead of 500,000 potential customers, Motorola served only 10,000 after launch.

At the same time, the technology itself worked with some miscalculations. While driving or indoors, communication with the satellite was simply lost.

As a result, only 66 satellites were in orbit, several loans hung on the subsidiary company and it declared itself bankrupt. Later it was bought out, the development continued to live, but already under the control of the Pentagon.

On the way to the line

In 1997 The company was headed by Christopher Galvin, who was the son of Robert Galvin. Remarkably, Robert left the company in 1986. And these ten years, one after another, the presidency was held by the two employees closest to the leadership.

Iridium was their joint project, who knows, maybe Robert or Christopher would not have gotten involved in this adventure. Although during the reign of the latter, a failed project was launched.

Such a massive shock led to a wave of restructuring, which pushed new developments into the background. And the former leader mobile technologies turned out to be in the role of a catch-up, because Nokia came to the fore.

In 2001 the board of directors openly criticizes company policy. But Christopher says the reorganization needs to be done and the losses will disappear.

What is worth noting is that the new president of the company relied on the classic values ​​of his grandfather and father, namely the availability and quality of cellular communications. At the same time, competitors realized that portable mobile technology went beyond ordinary calls.

Marketing Director Jeffrey Frost suggested expanding the product line with narrow-end products. This is how the development of the famous RAZR V3 began.

No one initially believed in the success of the future novelty, but after the release in 2004, it became insanely popular despite the price tag of $ 550 and the absence of most of the additional features offered by competitors.

At the same time, Edward Zander became CEO. Who, like the rest of the top of the company, could not explain the success of the new model, and therefore did not know how to repeat it.

As a result, the price of the model was lowered to $ 300, hoping to develop this line. Along the way, several innovative projects were curtailed, so that the brand, in fact, could no longer offer the user anything new.

The situation was almost saved by the appearance of the musical novelty E398, which had powerful stereo speakers. On its basis, it was planned to create a second version, but together with Apple. This is how ROKR turned out, which differed only programmatically, because iTunes was available in it.

However, after the release and success of the RAZR V3, Steve Jobs saw Motorola as not so much an ally as a competitor. At the same time, the company itself was engaged in the development of its smartphone, already knowing about the imminent sunset. push-button telephones and individual players.

The sunset of history?

In 2007 a serious war broke out on the market, in which Motorola could no longer find a place for itself. At the same time, Karl Icahn joined the board of directors, who did his best to promote the idea of ​​dividing the company and selling the mobile division.

In 2008 the company's losses amounted to $ 4.6 billion. But in 2009 they managed to reduce them to 51 million. It was noticeable that things would not get much better, and it was impossible to sell assets forever. The management decided to split the business into two companies Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions.

In 2011 the mobile division was sold to Google for $ 12.5 billion. Three years later, Lenovo acquired the same company for $ 2.9 billion.

Motorola Solutions is trying by all means to rectify the situation, starting to sell off most of its assets. These tactics netted the company $ 1.2 billion in 2014. A year later, revenue is a modest 610 million.

If we talk about the telecommunications direction now, then things are going very well for him. Despite the predicted doom, the company is feeling very stable. And 2018 closed with $ 7.34 billion in revenue, bringing in $ 966 million in net revenue.

It turns out that Motorola is alive? Yes, the brand still exists today, but it is just a successful splinter from a large corporation, focusing on a narrow focus from extensive initial activities. It is a pity that the once breakthrough company that gave the world access to cellular communications fell victim to a lack of understanding of market needs. However, this is already history.

Many associate this company as a manufacturer of mobile phones, but the range of products is much more diverse.

In 1928, entrepreneur Paul Galvin, together with his brother Joseph Galvin, founded the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. The starting budget was $ 750, the bulk of which went to the purchase of working materials and the salaries of five workers (for the first week of work it was $ 63 for all).

The Galvin Manufacturing Corporation produced rectifiers that allowed radios to run on batteries or electricity supplied to ordinary residential buildings. In 1930, the first Motorola car radio came off the assembly line. Later, the suffix "-ola" began to enjoy popularity among manufacturers of audio electronics, which has survived to this day (radio tape recorder, radio tape recorder). Consequently, the company combined "-ola" with the word "motor", alluding to the automotive theme.

Business was going well, and the range was gradually expanding. The export of radios for the police was adjusted (1936), which worked only on one frequency. Scientific research and development was carried out constantly. By 1943, Motorola launched the Walkie-talkie, a pocket-sized, short-range, two-way radio. This device served as the basis for a whole class of electronic devices named after them.

In 1947 Galvin Manufacturing Corporation rebranded and changed its name to Motorola inc. The familiar logo, in the form of the letter "M", consisting of two peaks appeared in 1955.

Motorola's developments occupy a huge part of the market with their own developments. In 1947, the company's first television, called the Golden View, was born. As with radios, TVs are sold at a relatively low price compared to competitors ($ 179.95 versus $ 300 from competing firms). It is thanks to Motorola's low pricing policy that TVs have become a popular consumer product. This gave the company a large market share and sales boost.

In the early 50s, Motorola began producing transistors and conductors, which it used in its own products. This step will become one of the main components of the future success of the company. Already in 1955, the company announced its first germanium transistor radio, as well as the world's first pager. Apollo spacecraft were equipped with Motorola equipment that carried data from the Moon to Earth (1969)

One of the most important events in the history of Motorola Corporation can be called the first mobile phone DynaTAC, which made a real revolution. The first such phone could be purchased in 1984, and, despite the impressive cost of the phone, in a couple of years there were already several million users of the device.

The rapid development of mobile electronics was largely determined by innovations from Motorola.
So, in 1989, the first flip phone appeared - the Motorola MicroTAC.
In 1996, a clamshell phone appeared - Motorola StarTAC.
In 1998 - the appearance of the mobile satellite phone Motorola Iridium 9500.
In 2000, Motorola introduced a mobile phone equipped with an FM receiver - the Motorola V2288, as well as the first phone with Internet access (GPRS) - the Motorola Timeport 260.
The next year the phone was released in a new form-factor "rotator" - Motorola V70.
A resounding success of the company in 2004 was the flagship Motorola RAZR V3, a thin "clamshell" with metal inserts, which looked very much like a razor (Razor), hence the name RAZR.
True, all the company's achievements did not help the company to keep the first places throughout the entire period of existence of time, Motorola fell in the ratings from the 2nd place to the 4th, leaving Samsung and LG ahead. Experts blame Ed Zander, the head of the company's CEO, who was responsible for promoting the brand on the market, for this. However, the beginning of 2010 gave hope for a revival - Motorola released a popular series of smartphones based on the Android operating system.
By the beginning of 2011, Motorola was restructured into two enterprises:
Motorola Solutions - production of radio electronics for commercial structures and government departments;
Motorola Mobility - tablet computers, phones and smartphones. Since mid-2011, owned by Google (the deal is $ 12.5 billion).

Interesting Facts:

For the development of the first cell phone, Motorola Corporation spent about 10 years and more than $ 100 million (this is at that time!). At that time, their competitors were AT&T Bell Laboratories. Motorola was the first, on April 3, 1973, the main developer - Martin Cooper (Martin Cooper) made the first mobile phone call to the office of Bell Laboratories.

The same Martin Cooper later recalled his tests of the DynaTAC. He needed to move around a lot with a heavy phone receiver (its weight was more than one kilogram), which was not so easy for a not young developer.

Slogan: Intelligence Everywhere
hello moto

Most people strongly associate this company with mobile phones. But in fact, the spectrum is much richer and more colorful.

It all began in 1928, when businessman Paul Galvin founded the company with his brother Josef Galvin. The history included the amount that he possessed at that time - $ 750, of which most immediately went to the purchase of the necessary things. By that time, Paul already had a wealth of business experience. According to him, he has already "repeatedly fallen and, thanks to this, learned to rise."

The first time the company was engaged in network rectifiers, which were assembled by hand by a team of five employees. In 1930, the range of products was expanded - the Motorola car receiver appeared. In those years, the suffix "-ola" became very popular among manufacturers of electronics related to sound (it has survived to this day - a radio tape recorder, a radio tape recorder). Thus, the company simply combined this ending with the word "motor", hinting at the automotive component. Motorola became the first commercially successful car radio in history. Its first model was installed on a car Studebaker owned by the company.

Things started to work, the assortment began to expand. There were not only philistine models, but also specially designed for use by the police (1936). Further more. Not only radio receivers began to appear, but also transmitters and radiotelephones. The Second World War brings additional income. Continuous research and development is underway. In 1943, the first Walkie-talkie appears - a pocket-sized radio with a short range. These devices became the basis for a whole class of devices named after them.

The popularity of all this technology has led to the fact that, since 1947, the company Galvin Manufacturing Corporation changed its name to. The familiar to us logo, in the form of the letter "M" formed by two peaks, appeared later - in 1955. With this logo, the company symbolized its striving upward, towards leadership. This logo, also known as "Emsignia"(or even at all "Batwing" – "Bat wings"), existed all this time practically unchanged - only in 1967 it was enclosed in a circle. Word "Emsignia" originated as an M-modified word "Insignia" – "Symbol, emblem".

Equipment is becoming almost the standard. In 1956, the first pager appears. The first ever rectangular picture tube for TV is also a development (1963). The Apollo spacecraft were equipped with equipment from this company, so it owns the honor of the first radio transmission from the Moon to Earth (1969).

But the most important event in the history of the company happened in 1973 - the world's first working model of a cell phone appeared. Motorola DynaTAC(DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage). These devices were given to make a real revolution. 10 years have passed before commercial implementation - the first DynaTAC went on sale in 1984. Despite the high cost, the number of cellular users within a few years was estimated at millions.

To very, very many developments, you can tie the prefix "the first in the world." The company is at the forefront of the development of the currently popular GPS and GPRS standards. In 1991 she founded Iridium, Inc.- a satellite communications company covering almost the entire surface of the Earth.

She also took part in the development of various microprocessors. So, the first computers Apple were built using these particular processors. They were also used in the first handhelds. Palm... In 2004, the division Semiconductor Products Sector (SPS) turns into an independent company Freescale Semiconductor, Inc .

Motorola MOTORAZR V9

But, as it was said above, it was mobile phones that brought the greatest fame to Motorola. Especially her famous clamshells - StarTAC(1996), and later MOTORAZR V3(2004). True, in recent years, things have not gone well in the mobile phone market; the company slipped from second place to fourth, losing Samsung Mobile and Lg electronics... The blame for this is Ed Zander, a former CEO whose faulty policies nearly led to collapse. But the beginning of 2010 brought hope for a revival of the company. In the face of smartphones running operating system Google android ... However, in the same year she lost the palm in the USA to the company Apple, and also, for the first time in history, flew out of the top five largest manufacturers mobile phones. In her place came the Canadian RIM.

By the beginning of 2011, it was divided into two enterprises:
Motorola Solutions- solutions in the field of communications for government and commercial structures;
Motorola mobility- smartphones, phones, tablet computers. In May 2012 it was acquired Google... And starting in January 2014, it moved to a Chinese electronics manufacturer Lenovo .

At the beginning of 2016, it was decided to abandon the use of the name on mobile phones.

Interesting Facts:

Motorola "invented" the mobile phone in competition with Bell Laboratories... More than 10 years and more than $ 100 million were spent (at the then exchange rate!). And Motorola was the first, not much, but still ahead of its competitor. On April 3, 1973, one of the leading phone developers, Martin Cooper, made the first ever call. Naturally, he called the office Bell Laboratories... Make fun of.

The same Martin Cooper later recalled how hard he had during the trials DynaTAC... After all, I had to walk a lot in order to check the signal level and, in general, the device's performance in different conditions. It was not easy for a middle-aged person to do with a kilogram brick-phone in his hand.

Traditionally, all official phone photos show the time 11:35 AM (nowadays this rule is not always observed). Whole legends have already lined up around this time. A more or less plausible explanation claims that it was at this time that Martin Cooper made his famous call. Another legend is based on a completely different kind of reason: at this time, August 8, 1969, the musicians The beatles crossed the famous Abbey Road to record the album of the same name. This moment is captured on the cover of the album, which was the last ("Let It Be" was mixed after the breakup The beatles). And if this is so, then apparently the creativity of the legendary group was very much appreciated.

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Motorola is a symbol of the advanced achievements of radio electronics of the twentieth century. Most of her successful projects were based on the timely introduction into mass production of the most advanced inventions in the field of radio engineering, electronics, telecommunications and computer technology. The company's most famous products include a whole series of military developments in the field of communications. The company's products have found wide application in the space industry. At present, the name of the company is widely associated with the name of the brand of cell phones, which was popular about 10 years ago. Being at the origins of the creation of modern methods of communication and communication, as well as possessing a significant baggage of patented technologies, the company, nevertheless, lost its independence and was absorbed by other companies in parts.

Company `s logo

The history of the creation and formation of Motorola

Motorola was founded in 1928 in Chicago. The original name of the company is Galvin Manufacturing Corporation.

It was founded by two brothers named Galvins, Paul and Joseph, on the basis of the company they bought out for the production of current rectifiers. These devices became the first products. The office, trading floor and production facilities were located in the same building. The circumstances surrounding the start of Motorola's business have become legendary:

• $ 750 - the purchase of a bankrupt company Stewart Battery;
• equipment for the production of rectifiers;
• assembly technology;
• $ 565 in reserve.

Two years later, the new company developed and launched the Motorola car radio, which brought its first commercial success. In 1947 the name of this product will become the name of the company (Motorola Inc.) and its trade mark. In the first year alone, about 3,000 copies were sold for almost $ 300,000. But the real commercial success of the company was brought by the Second World War.

A military order for the production of portable radios for the US Army brought in hundreds of millions of dollars, so that by the end of the 40s, Motorola had become one of the leading companies in the American industry. The year 1947 was marked not only by the name change, but also by the release of the cheapest television set in the United States by Motorola. In 1948, Motorola receivers became standard equipment in Chrysler, Ford and General Motors vehicles. The course towards the development and implementation of new technologies provided Motorola with a long and happy life until the end of the century. The company had sufficient resources to spend huge sums on new developments. In the early 50s, a whole research and development complex was launched, the patented developments of which are still the most valuable capital of the company.

Motorola's first car radio

Devices that changed the world

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the history of the company is a series of breakthroughs in the field of radio-electronic technologies. In 1955, the production of cheap germanium-based transistors began. This served as the impetus for the development of fundamentally new systems of radio equipment and opened the way for contracts related to the space program. Motorola's radio signal transmitters have long served as the basis for space communications in the United States, used in the lunar program, on military and research satellites. The world's first transistor receiver (1956) is a Motorola product, as well as a pager (the same receiver in design). But the production and sale of televisions became the main engine of Motorola's commercial success in the 1960s. In the early 70s, the company relies on radiotelephony and computers. Active participation in space programs continues. Motorola has been a pioneer in many areas:

All these developments have found wide application in industry and became the basis for the company's further commercial success. In the early 80s, Motorola became one of the leading suppliers of electronics for the automotive industry.

At the dawn of the cellular era

The production of the first commercial cell phone was the culmination of decades of research and development and a multi-million dollar investment. This phone went on sale in 1983 and was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. Weighing just under 1 kg, this product lasted only 60 minutes. in talk mode and charged for 10 hours. He already had a keyboard, which became the prototype for all subsequent generations of cell phones, as well as a memory for 30 numbers. The device cost $ 4,000 and was very popular with customers in the United States. But the Motorola MicroTAC phone, which went on sale in 1989, was already outwardly different from the forms modern devices only the protruding antenna. You could carry it in your pocket. In terms of content, this device was very similar to its predecessor. It had an LED display and the same price point - $ 3,500. This device with a flip cover can be considered the prototype of all mobile phones of the 21st century. The bulk of the population in Russia saw this miracle of technology for the first time when one of the characters from the movie "Pulp Fiction" picked it up.

One step ahead

The golden times and worldwide fame for Motorola as a manufacturer of cell phones came in the 90s of the twentieth century. Since 1996, Motorola StarTAC clamshell phones have begun their triumphant march around the world. The first models were tightly tied to a specific operator in the United States.

The SIM cards in the earliest phones of this series were similar in size to a payphone card. The latest versions of this phone supported the GSM standard. One of the memorable technical innovations used for the first time is the vibrating bell. Over the next 6 years of the tremendous commercial success of Motorola's clamshell phones, many modifications were released that were very different from the technical point of view, so StarTAC should be considered the name of the concept, not a specific model. All developments in the field of "telephone construction" from "Motorola", made at the turn of the century, were distinguished by some technical novelty, which competitors immediately copied. Motorola V3788 (1999) - a budget device available to all segments of the population, had a special adapter where you could insert regular AAA batteries. Motorola V2288 (2000) - this is a multi-colored case, FM radio and a notebook.

The Motorola Timeport 7389i (2000) could be used as a modem for a PC, since it supported data transmission using GPRS technology.

The Motorola V60 (2001) is a phone similar to the StarTAC, but with a player and a second display on the outside of the lid. Models V70 and V80 (2002-2004) - "rotators" - are very indicative from the point of view of the history of the company's crisis. In terms of content, these devices did not differ from competitors, but in shape they resembled a butterfly knife.

The company relied more and more on exterior design, and competitors achieved great success in introducing technical innovations. The era of powerful smartphones was dawning.

Fatal failure

The Iridium project, in which Motorola has invested hundreds of millions, is cellular from anywhere in the world with the help of one operator via satellites. This idea was way too far ahead of its time. Cheap roaming left no chance for the success of this project. Iridium's global communications system, like many of the company's other pioneering ventures, in which a lot of money was invested at the turn of the century, did not make a profit.

RAZR V3 (2004) - the last success, or the decline of the empire

The phones of this series became Motorola's last successful project. But again, the shape made them popular - they were very thin. In terms of content, they were losing to competitors from the very beginning. The bet on design could not ensure success for a long time, since the same Samsung immediately began to churn out ultra-thin phones that surpassed Motorola not only in functional terms, but were also more diverse in form. Gradually, the RAZR V3 evolved from a $ 800 image phone to a mainstream model that cost less than $ 200.

The sophisticated wow factor made it profitable for a while, but other factors were paramount to success in the cell phone market. The aging triplet platform of these devices did not allow the RAZR V3 to be turned into a powerful smartphone filled with entertainment and communication innovations as much as possible.

Attempts to create smartphones on the platform Windows Mobile(L, U, and K series), as well as Linux (touchscreen phones Z and A series), led to the creation of very expensive devices that functionally outperformed competitors and did not succeed in mass sales. As a result, in 2007 the share of the cell phone market decreased from 23% to 13%, with a net loss of almost $ 50 million.

Division and sale of a company in parts

Attempts to release highly profitable models of smartphones on a modern platform led to the emergence of a number of solid and high-quality models, which still could not return the company to its lost positions in the market. The sliders of the Z8 and Z10 series on the Symbian UIQ platform deserve mention as an example of an unsuccessful investment of the company's capital.
Motorola acquired 50% of the shares of the developer of this platform, UIQ company. Motorola Droid smartphones (Android OS) in all modifications failed to attract customers, as they simply joined a long line of all kinds of android devices that filled the shelves of stores where other brands were in the lead. As a result, Motorola incurred losses, and the share price dropped to a critical level. In the history of the company, there have already been divisions and sales of entire areas of production. Back in the early 70s of the last century, Motorola sold the production of TVs to a Japanese company. In 2004, the production of semiconductors and automotive electronics was spun off and sold.

The next split happened in 2011. The status of an independent company was acquired by the production of telecommunication equipment (Motorola Solutions). Unprofitable mobile phone manufacturing was transformed into Motorola Mobility, which was bought by Google in August 2011 for $ 12.5 billion, $ 40 per share. The high price was due to the value of the patent portfolio that forms the basis of Motorola's intellectual property. The production part of the company was immediately laid off. Google partners who used the Android OS in the production of their products feared that Google would abandon the partnership and become a monopoly. As a result, the production capacity of Motorola Mobility suffered irrecoverable losses.