The 21st century is the information age. This is how this century should be called. Yes, the world has changed with the advent of information technologies, which have made human life easier. Even comparing the current decade and the end of the twentieth century, you will be surprised at the transformation of the world. Nowadays machines do everything for us, and electronics are everywhere. It became easier for a person to live because some physical work which he used to perform is now performed by a machine, a robot. And even more so, I’m not even talking about human mental work, which a computer can easily handle. They even started reading books in electronic form; and there are not many people left who prefer book binding and the rustle of pages. Then what about letters? Electronic and handwritten letters are still on the same level, but based on sociological surveys, electronic letters will take over. Yes, this is understandable - emails are delivered faster, you don’t need to strain your hand to write something, and it’s convenient - everyone uses it by email! Then what happens, the past is passing away, and new information technologies will take first place in our lives?
Yes, a lot of people think so. And that's true. Indeed, throughout the entire life course of mankind from ancient times to the present day, the lifestyle has constantly changed. For example, the transition from stone tools to iron ones, or from handmade to machine work. It always has been and always will be. The past will go away, and we will know about how humanity lived before, but we will not take a wooden plow to plow the field. But also part of the world’s population believes that the current generation, having become accustomed to the convenience and ease of life, no longer thinks about the development of society and sciences in general. And this opinion is easy to understand - the current generation is accustomed to a world where everything that is needed has already been discovered and proven, where everything is ready, and all that remains is to live. And then the following opinion creeps in: “They are simply not interested in learning something new and diving into the depths of what has already been proven.” But is this true? I believe that external factors don't affect a person that way. After all, if you look at our great scientists, they lived in different eras, lived on different continents, and there are not so many of them compared to the rest of the world’s population! So it is now. I am sure that in our time there will be a young man interested in science. Every science is needed, every science is important - but still, not everyone will deepen their knowledge. And someone, acting in the philosophical direction “We know the world,” strives to find something new, find out how it will change humanity, and prove their point of view to the whole world and be satisfied. He is interested in this, he does everything to find the right way to solve the problem. It doesn’t matter what surrounds him, what matters is his desire to know. The aspiration always prevails over the possibilities.
“Science feeds young men”... Everything scientists do is science. And in every time period, on every continent, there is a young man whose mind demands discovery.
Chakalova Maria, 14 years old
…welcome to the Age of Experience!
Twenty-five years after the advent of the World Wide Web, the Information Age is coming to an end. Thanks to the distribution mobile devices With touch screens and the Internet everywhere, we are now entering what is called the Experience Age.
When was the last time you updated your status on Facebook? Maybe you don't do this anymore? According to statistics, of the 1.6 billion Facebook users, only 21 percent constantly update their status.
Status field, status - icon of the Information Age. During this period they dominated desktop computers, working to organize all the information in the world. Experience Age characters are very different, and have emerged thanks to microcomputers, mobile sensors and high-speed connectivity.
The death of statuses and the state field is only a small part of a larger shift from information to experience. The context of our online interactions is changing, primarily due to the use of different devices.
You and your profile are not the same thing
To illustrate what's going on, consider Facebook and Snapchat.
Facebook is a relic of the Information Age. Along with other social networks of its generation, Facebook was built on the principle of accumulation.
Accumulation manifests itself in a digital profile, where your identity is the sum of all the information you have stored - text, photos, videos, web pages. In the Information Age, we identified ourselves with this digital profile.
But mobile has completely changed the way we view digital identity. With the ability to broadcast oneself through the camera in real time, accumulated information takes a back seat in the matter of constant self-expression. The “virtual me” is becoming less and less obvious. I may be the result of everything I have done, but I am not the accumulation of it.
Snapchat is for this new reality.
Many people think that Snapchat is ideal for secret messaging. But the real innovation of Snapchat's ephemeral messages isn't that they self-destruct. In fact, they make us forget about the habit of accumulating information.
As a result -
the profile is no longer the center of the social universe. In the age of experience, you are not your profile. You are just you.
Show, don't tell
The main idea of the Age of Experience is that I will show you my point of view, in return you give me your attention. You can say that social media has always been built on this.
Yes. But the stories we tell each other these days begin and end visually, making storytelling more literal than ever.
In the information age, the beginning of communication was the message
. On Facebook, you type a new status, add metadata such as your location, and choose an appropriate emoji to show how you're feeling. This approach is also seen in the mechanisms feedback Facebook, - six pre-selected reactions.
In contrast, Snapchat always starts with a camera image. Feedback is sent passively. You see friends who looked at your photos. IN era of experience, the main input is visual.
Today we use mobile phones everywhere. In the future, such visual communication will involve smart contact lenses or glasses, for example.
Pyramid of Experience
Changes in the perception of virtual reality are not going unnoticed. The Internet is used very differently than it was ten years ago. The tech giants have realized this and offer us streaming services and 360-degree cameras.
The global “arms race” is in full swing, and is beginning to create layers of technologies that can be called the pyramid of experience.
At the bottom there is a zero layer, real world. Technology essentially serves to convey real moments. Reality is the basis.
As you move up, the layers move from physical to logical. At the top are products such as Snapchat Live, and Periscope. Tomorrow's technology will be even more exciting.
A century of experience will drive new products to market faster as each layer can grow independently of each other. This opens up enormous possibilities, because some layers have not even been opened yet.
Our online and offline identities are converging, the stories we tell each other now begin and end visually, and all of this is accelerating the development of managed products. Taken together, these trends are opening the door to a new golden age of technology.
It's an exciting time to create new things.
Instead of conclusions
We actually use the internet very differently than we did even five years ago. We search for information less, we communicate more. Technologies allow us to feel our interlocutor nearby, although he is thousands of kilometers away from us. Borders and distances are erased, the line between virtual reality and real.
Now more and more technologies and products will appear that will further blur the boundaries. Get ready for completely new developments, a new approach to design and coding.
We already see how standards change, how new tools and technologies and programming languages appear. Just a few years ago, the development of mobile applications was something fantastic, for which they paid a lot of money. There weren't enough specialists. Nowadays, developers often cannot sell an application for even a penny - the market is crowded.
Development does not stand still. Moreover, in our time it simply rushes forward at great speed. So the advent of a new century, Experience Age, is natural. They offer us new technologies, new way use of information – and we accept it. Because it’s more interesting and convenient.
What will the new century bring for freelancers? New ways to communicate with customers . Standard instant messengers for correspondence may fade into the background. It’s much more interesting to communicate “live.” Work on a project can also be shown in real time - and this is available now!
Developers can already master new technologies to develop applications for live communication in real time.
And as always, freelancers need to try to keep up with the times. The tasks that will be set before you will become more and more difficult and interesting.
M.A.Trubina
(St. Petersburg, Russia)
SOCIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE: A VIEW INTO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
“Knowledge is power!” F. Bacon
The 21st century is called the “century of global information society", "knowledge society", this is a unique period when our civilization is entering a new stage of social development, the basis of which is, first of all, well-organized complex processes of informatization and transformation, affecting all spheres of society and the individual. The successful completion of these complex processes requires high-quality education and extensive knowledge of people, as well as the cultivation of an information and communication culture of the individual.
However, as a global social phenomenon,
Informatization, in addition to its positive role, can be a threat to information security society,
states and individuals. "Information tsunami"
especially on the Internet, dictates the need to search for new methods and technologies of education. An overabundance of information causes information stress, which affects the deterioration of a person’s psycho-emotional state. Now in countries around the world there is an increase in the number of mental illnesses associated with the development of television and Internet addictions (mania), especially among young people. Information wars and attacks on media channels are a threat to individual security in society.
According to Prof. K.K. Colin “Society must be prepared for the challenges of the 21st century, including
informational and dynamic"1. The first one is related to
the need for a transition to a new environment and requires strengthening the information orientation of the education system, development information culture society, problem solving information inequality. The dynamic challenge is associated with the lag of public consciousness from the dynamics of the development of global problems and requires increased fundamentalization of education, changes in the content and methodology of the educational process, as well as the development of engineering and systems thinking.
Relevance
The most important indicator of lifestyle changes is the introduction of new information and communication technologies (ICT) and information computer technology(IT) in all areas social life and activities, growth in the level of production and consumption of information products and services by society2.
It is obvious that one of the factors that can, to a certain extent, weaken this powerful effect on lifestyle and psyche modern man, is the level of information preparedness for changes, the development of the information culture of society. This determines the need to solve a complex problem - the creation of a socio-psychological model of behavior of a member of the information society, the creation of methods that will ensure adaptation and comfortable existence of a person in the information society, and will reduce the contradictions between generations, which are now sharply worsening.
The growing process of informatization of society requires innovative approaches and methods to create a theory and methodology of this information process itself based on
1 Colin K.K. Fundamental foundations of computer science: Social informatics: Textbook for universities - M.: Academic Project, Ekaterinburg: Business Book, 2000. - 350 p.
2 Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020. [Electronic resource] access mode http://www.ifap.ru/ofdocs/rus/rus006.pdf (access date 03/15/2011)
systemic scientific analysis, and the development of a new conceptual apparatus and management methods. These issues are being addressed by a rapidly developing new scientific direction called social informatics - science. studying a complex of problems associated with the passage information processes in society.
One of the founders of social informatics in Russia, academician A.D. Ursul considers social informatics (SI) as the scientific basis for the formation of the information society. In 1996, the new scientific direction “SI” was recommended by the UNESCO International Congress “Education and Informatics” (Moscow, 1996) as one of the sections of the general education discipline “Fundamentals of Informatics” for a promising system of advanced education1. This direction, being interdisciplinary, is now successfully developing, relying on the achievements of such sciences as sociology, computer science, psychology, philosophy, etc., which represents a complex task of integrating fields of knowledge to solve a set of problems (social, economic, political, methodological, etc. ) associated with the passage of information processes in society. Famous Russian scientists made a great contribution to the development of the “SI” theory: Kolin K.K., Rakitov A.I., Sokolova I.V.2, Yusupov R.M., Zabolotsky V.P. etc. However, the problems of “information hunger”, the lack of uniform methodological approaches and standards for this discipline, create difficulties for the widespread introduction of “SI” into the educational process.
Large-scale informatization of Russian society requires innovative approaches and methods for training university specialists in various spheres of society. For example, the tasks of informatization of the Hydrometeorological Service (Strategy 2030) require
1 Official website of UNESCO [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.unesco.ru/ (access date 03/02/2011)
2 Sokolova I.V. Social informatics: Textbook - ed. 2nd, revised And additional - M: PERSPECTIVE Publishing House; Publishing house RGSU, 2008. - 274 p.
training not only professional hydrometeorologists, but also competent specialists with knowledge of information technology to provide reliable
hydrometeorological information, including weather forecasts to various organizations and the media. One of the priority tasks of the RGGMU, the only hydrometeorological university in Russia, is the training of RY specialists for professional coverage of the problems of climate change, extreme weather events, specialized weather forecasts and environmental problems.
The training program for RY specialists includes a sufficient number of subjects that allow students to develop the necessary professional skills and knowledge based on media education methods. One of these subjects is the course “social informatics”. The purpose of the course is to form in students a systematic understanding of the informational nature of development modern society and the informational, psychological and social problems that arise and practical methods for solving them; in covering a complex of problems related to the influence of information processes on changes in the social structures of society.
This course is aimed at training specialists from the “Public Relations in the Field of the Environment” groups and is structured in such a way as to form the basic natural science concepts necessary to understand the problems associated with the informatization process.
The specificity of the course is to form in students a systematic understanding of the informational nature of the development of modern society and the informational, psychological and social problems that arise and practical methods for solving them; in covering a complex of problems related to the influence of information processes on changes in the social structures of society. The peculiarity of student training is the optimal combination of knowledge, both in the field of hydrometeorology and public relations.
Teaching methods
In the conditions of formation of the information space, it is important for modern people to learn to adequately understand the meaning and meaning of audio and visual information, i.e. become media competent. The “SI” course successfully combines both methods of media education and multimedia technologies(MMT). These are fourth generation technologies based on interactive audio/video that provide the infrastructure for the educational learning environment for students. The implementation of lecture and practical material is carried out using media education tools.
The structure of the course is represented by a basic program that sufficiently fully covers the subject area of social informatics and uses the latest achievements of science and the latest technologies. The basis for the creation of this course is the experimental program “Social Informatics.
Basic modular program training course”, proposed by prof. K.K. Kolin, employee of the Institute of Informatics Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. One of the key ideas of the author is that when scientifically considering the problem of “informatics-society”, priority should be given to the interests of the development of society, and, thereby, avoid a technocratic approach to the study and development information systems and technology.
This “SI” course is included in the curriculum for the specialty “Public Relations” (4th year of study). Requirements for the level of mastery of the course content: students must have basic knowledge of history, philosophy, political science, social ecology, computer science, psychology, the concept of modern natural science, the theory of communication and mass information, English language and other disciplines.
In general, the “SI” course is structured in such a way as to form in students the basic natural science concepts necessary to understand and solve problems associated with the process of informatization and the development of the global information society.
The author's program contains 7 problem modules, an extensive bibliography, including information sources on the Internet and on SB-disks, topics for abstracts, essays and coursework, test questions and assignments to control students' knowledge1. To increase the effectiveness of classes with students, the following forms of communicative learning activities are used based on the introduction of the principles of active learning:
■ distance learning methods (webcasts, podcasts, screencasts, web videos, webinars, digital TV, social networks, etc.);
■ seminars and practical classes;
■ video training - training programs (simulators);
■ excursions, watching videos, visiting exhibitions, expositions,
■ holding round tables, master classes, press conferences, discussions, etc.
Classes with students are conducted in specially equipped classrooms, including: facilities
computer technology(computer equipment, Internet access), video and multimedia systems, digital camera. When conducting practical classes, such active learning methods (AML) as “Working in
collaboration” and “Small group discussions”, which allow you to exchange experiences and share your views and ideas in order to solve a specific problem.
In the process of discussing a problem during thematic discussions, students organize a “brainstorming” - one of the simplest and quick ways generating ideas. During a brainstorming session, participants freely exchange ideas as they arise; the informal atmosphere creates an atmosphere of free exchange of opinions and favorable conditions for the formation of personal communicative qualities, as well as information
1 Trubina M. A. Program of the discipline “Social Informatics” for higher educational institutions. Specialty: 350400 - Public relations in the field of the environment. - SPb.: Publishing house. RGGMU, 2006. - 17 p.
culture. This view academic work forms the corporate culture of the group based on organizational and activity technologies of AMO.
The development of the course is based on the use of modern pedagogical, information, communication and
computer technologies, including multimedia systems and the capabilities of the INTERNET network, which contributes to the formation of an information culture and improvement of the quality of education of university students based on a competency-based approach. Modular structure The course uses the implementation of the ideas and principles of advanced education
Particular attention is paid to students’ independent work, learning project activities while working in a creative workshop. Students prepare reports in the form of media projects (group, individual and collective forms), mastering the techniques of system analysis and critical thinking. Defense of projects is accompanied by emotional discussion; many developments are distinguished by their originality and depth of development of the topic and presentation of the material.
For practical work information resources are used: library, knowledge bases and databases,
specialized sources of information on SB-disks, multimedia, etc.
To control the quality of student education, mandatory testing of students is carried out at the beginning and at the end of the course as a method of monitoring the assimilation of knowledge, a survey is conducted at the beginning and at the end of the course, which makes it possible to analyze both the knowledge of students, find out their opinions, and check the effectiveness of the teacher’s work.
Expected results
1. Obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities, mastering ICT and IT, and creating an information culture will improve the quality of education for students and increase their competence.
2. Transition from obtaining information to generating knowledge, increasing the level of media competence and erudition, and
also the development of creative and social activity and the education of an individual’s information culture.
3. Ability to formulate a problem, work with
information resources, structure information, understand the results obtained and find solutions information problems- all this is aimed at
formation of the scientific worldview of students in this specialty and increasing their intellectual potential.
References
1. Colin K.K. Fundamental foundations of computer science: Social informatics: Textbook for universities - M.: Academic Project, Ekaterinburg: Business Book, 2000. - 350 p.
2. The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020. [Electronic resource] http://www.ifap.ru/ofdocs/rus/rus006.pdf
3. Official website of UNESCO [Electronic resource] http://www.unesco.ru/
4. Sokolova I.V. Social informatics: Textbook - ed. 2nd, revised And additional - M: PERSPECTIVE Publishing House; Publishing house RGSU, 2008. - 274 p.
5. Trubina M.A. Program of the discipline “Social Informatics” for higher educational institutions. Specialty: 350400 - Public relations in the field of the environment. - SPb.: Publishing house. RGGMU, 2006. - 17 p.
Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics
Department of World Economics
Abstract on "World Economy"
On the topic: “Japan, India in the information age: comparison experience”
Completed by a student
3rd year EF-1 060600
Smetannikova E. V.
Checked by K.E.N., Associate Professor
Ershov A. P.
Moscow 2006
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3
1. The phenomenon of Japanese and Indian economies……………………………4
2. Telecommunications and the Internet in Japan and India……………………8
3. Technoparks and technopolises……………………………………………………………..12
4. Supercomputers……………………………………………………….14
5. Telephone fashion………………………………………………………...15
6. Looking into the future………………………………………………………..17
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..20
Literature………………………………………………………………………………...21
Introduction
Japan and India are too different to compare. Nevertheless, in my essay I will try to most fully and at the same time briefly outline the similarities and differences of these two Asian countries in the era of information.
When the wind filled the sails of Columbus's caravels, rushing into the vast expanses of the ocean in search of mysterious India, no one imagined that that same America would be discovered. At least with this, this country could go down in the history of world civilization. But even this “mistake” of the great navigator only emphasized the role that India has played and continues to play throughout human history, a truly amazing country with enormous potential for high-tech industries, fundamental research, and a leader in the field of information technology. In 1999, analysts at Credit Suisse First Boston predicted that India would become Asia's next “economic miracle.” Which country was the first Asian miracle? Of course Japan.
As paradoxical as it may seem, the Japanese themselves invented practically nothing. They borrowed culture, writing, and religion from the mainland (China and Korea), but the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun have the gift of bringing their acquisitions to fruition and quickly introducing them into mass production. As a result, the country, which occupies 0.3% of the Earth's territory and is practically devoid of natural resources, was able to achieve a leading position in the world.
1. The phenomenon of Japanese and Indian economies
So, why does a country with enormous foreign economic dependence, deprived of natural resources, despite all the turmoil and cataclysms of the last two decades, continue to steadily strengthen its economic (and along with it political) position on the world stage?
Japan's economic development is based on four principles:
1. Strict government regulation, i.e. mobilization of all resources to solve priority problems.
2. A pronounced export orientation of the economy to create a powerful fund of savings and investments.
3. Widespread attraction of foreign capital (primarily for scientific and technological progress).
4. Creation of large national monopolies with resources for continuous improvement of product quality and competition in foreign markets.
The listed principles are not an “invention” of East Asian countries; they have been tested in many countries with market economies. The East Asian tool in this model is the widespread use of the psychological traditions of the population, formed in difficult natural and historical conditions, on the basis of philosophical, religious and moral values, such as: strict discipline, exceptional hard work, amazing accuracy, perseverance, patience, minimal needs, a pronounced sense of collectivism (as a counterbalance to Western individualism), devotion to the employer, subordination and respect for elders, understanding of one’s place, desire to learn.
For a long time, Japan borrowed advanced technologies from abroad (in the form of purchasing licenses, creating mixed companies, participating in multinational research projects).
Japan occupies a special place in the global technology movement. It imports all technologies from industrialized countries and exports to industrialized and developing countries. Beginning in the 70s, the export of Japanese technology increased, and in 1993 a positive balance was achieved (exports exceeded imports). 40% of total technology exports go to Asian countries.
Japan's dependence on technology imports from the United States remains high (69%). The relationship with the United States in technology exchange is characterized by cooperation and conflict.
We can safely say that the information revolution is the source of development of the Japanese economy. The prevailing stereotype is that Japan is one of the leading countries in the field latest technologies, arose back in the 50s. Despite its technological dominance in the world, Japan lags behind other countries in some areas of information infrastructure development. In terms of the number of Internet users, Japan is not among the leading countries, and information law, designed to consolidate mechanisms for regulating the process of development of the information society, has not been developed at all.
The main reason for the lag in the development of the intellectual and legislative framework in the field informatization is the prevailing attention paid to technological processes and production. There has been some shift from the intellectual and legislative sphere to the technological sphere. Therefore, having entered the XXI century , Japan is forced to form and implement an effective state information policy, which is a reserve for the growth and development of GDP:
Industrial society is facing a new wave of technical revolution - the information revolution ("information industry");
Appearance as a result information revolution a new type of social subject, focused on the industry of modern information “intelligence”.
From that moment on, the struggle began to acquire and use the influence of intelligence through the dissemination of information and knowledge. Moreover, the arena of struggle is a social system of a new type, which can appropriately be called the “sphere of world intelligence.” This is the beginning of the “period of informatization” or the creation of the “information intelligence industry.”
The Japanese government realized that the development of information infrastructure could help the country overcome its economic impasse, and in 1999 it officially proclaimed the beginning of the information revolution. In 2000, the Information Technology Development Council was created under the leadership of the Prime Minister. The Council adopted a five-year plan for the development of information infrastructure. The main goal of the plan: “To provide everyone, without exception, with the opportunity to benefit from the IT revolution and comprehensively enhance measures that contribute to the development of Japan as a competitive country built on a developed information infrastructure.”
India, no less than Japan, is “shaken by underground elements”, it is constantly struggling with drought and floods, eliminating widespread illiteracy and poverty (the average per capita income here is only $460), but India may soon become a leader in production and exports computer equipment, electronic components for automated control systems and telecommunication systems. According to the OECD, it is one of the main suppliers of “brains” to industrialized countries. The first means of telecommunications in India appeared during the British Raj. True, until the country gained independence, telephone and telegraph were the privilege of only the colonial administration, foreign companies and a few of the richest Indians. At that time, India was a country of appalling poverty, with a population plagued by disease and hunger. Many features of that time and today are surprisingly combined on the streets of the country's cities with skyscrapers, technology parks and modern industrial complexes.
The course towards industrialization of the country taken by the mid-50s led to the fact that by the end of the 60s the state took a monopoly position in the production of telegraph and telephone equipment, including the provision of services in this area. Just a little over fifty years after the declaration of independence and just ten years after the course to liberalize its economy, India already has the third largest scientific and technological potential in the world, is one of the five leading countries in missile launch technology, and has nuclear technology. Successful scientific research is carried out in the country's 162 universities (2000) and forty research laboratories.
At the end of the 1990s, there were 226 universities operating in India (in 1972 there were 83 universities, 9 institutes, with 2.6 million students). In total, at the end of the 20th century, more than 6.5 million students studied at Indian universities (5-6% of the country's youth aged 17-23 years). In addition to teaching students, all universities also conduct scientific research. India is second only to the United States in terms of the number of English-speaking IT graduates, and Indian companies employ about three hundred thousand specialists in software development.
In 1998, a special Committee on Information Technology under the Government of India (IT Task Force) was created. This committee has developed a program for the development of the information technology industry in India, which is designed for the period until 2008. Three main directions for the development of the Indian IT industry were proclaimed:
· improving telecommunications infrastructure as a key factor in the development of the industry in order to create a world-class information infrastructure;
· achieving a volume of IT exports of $50 billion by 2008 - ITEX-50 (IT Export) program;
· information technologies - for everyone by 2008, the task of informatization of all spheres of life in India.
This has led to the fact that in the field of computer science alone, the average annual growth over the past few years has exceeded 40%, and the annual unmet need for personnel in the country is estimated at 200 thousand people, ahead of all other industries in this indicator. In 2004, turnover in the field of computer science exceeded $3 billion, and in the field of electronics - $20 billion.
2. Telecommunications and Internet in India and Japan
In the telecommunications sector, India makes extensive use of digital data transmission technologies. The main attention is paid to the balanced growth of data networks, the rapid modernization of old networks to ensure rapid progress in key areas of this area, including the effective management and development of telecommunications systems. However, for a country with an area of 2,973,190 square kilometers and a population of over a billion people, communication services cannot yet be called sufficient.
To achieve complete independence in this area, public and private companies are successfully modernizing existing networks based on digital technologies. For this purpose, significant production potential has been created in the public and private sectors. In 2001, the Government of India decided to abandon the state monopoly in the field of communication services through international fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL). Allowing private companies to participate in this sector has led to a sharp increase in Indian firms developing projects for the construction of maritime fiber optic lines.
The private sector is expected to play a major role in the growth of telephone service in India, which has become possible as a result of economic liberalization. Already in September 1996, the number telephone lines communications reached 12.6 million. If the government's plans are implemented, soon every village panchayat (local government body) will have a telephone connection. The main direction of organizing the communication infrastructure of India is the construction of local computer networks and their interconnection through high-speed channels.
If international communication lines are formed by satellite systems and fiber-optic communication lines, then on local (rural) lines copper cables are still preserved and analog technology is used (including decade-step and analog telephone exchanges). Installed in 1985 satellite system communications with 254 ground receiving stations. India currently has 8 Intelsat stations (Indian Ocean), one Inmarsat station (Indian Ocean), 9 international stations located in Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Madras, Jalandahra, Kanpur, Gaidhinagre, Khairabad and Emakulam, four maritime LACOM cables ( Madras - Penangu, India - UAE, India-SEA-ME-WE-3, SEA-ME-WE-2 with access to Kochi and Mumbai). Since 2000, Mumbai has had access to the global fiber optic backbone (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe “FLAG”).
In India, there is a state-owned national information network called Nicnet. The network is organized on the basis information resources National Informatics Center (NIC), Ministry of Electronics, India. Nicnet resources are already available in 540 district centers of India, capitals of all states and union territories of the country. The Andaman Islands, the Indian Embassy on the island of Mauritius, and the Institute of Medical Research in Nepal (Kathmandu) are also connected to the network. The network's resources are used by educational and research institutions. The Nicnet network creates resources necessary for the functioning of a number of large state industrial corporations. On a commercial basis, the network provides its resources to private companies (Indian and foreign).
Great importance is attached to the use of the Internet in the formation of communication infrastructure in India. Internet access appeared in India at the turn of 1986-1987, when the Education and Research Network (Ernet) was created under the Department of Electronics with UN funds. Already in the early 90s, India was included in the list of 30 countries with the most developed Internet. However, in 1994, when funding for the UN network was stopped, Ernet was closed. Under pressure from former users of this network, the government created a state-owned company in 1995. By mid-1997, VSNL had 28 thousand, and by 2005 - already 150 thousand users.
Today, the number of personal computers in India is increasing every year by 40-50%. This is facilitated by India's IT development policy, expressed in the “Information Technology for All by 2008” program. A number of subprograms are implemented within its framework. Thus, the national program for universal computer literacy aims to increase the computer park and Internet access. By 2008, it is planned that there will be one PC with Internet access for every 50 people. It is planned to adapt the imported software and translation of software into the languages of people living in India. The program of computerization and widespread use of the Internet in all spheres of life includes the introduction of new technologies in banking services, medicine, education, e-commerce, development of information centers and libraries and more.
India's policy of prioritizing the development of the IT sector has led to the rapid growth of Internet users and the information technology industry. Since 1995, the annual increase in turnover in the IT industry has been up to 50%. In the 2000-2002 financial year, the IT industry turnover amounted to $8.6 billion, and the share of software and services production in it amounted to about $5.7 billion. In the first half of the 2003-2004 financial year alone, the domestic software and services market grew by 48% , and the overall industry growth was 58%.
And in Japan today, half of the 126 million population are Internet users, connecting to the global “web” through computers, cell phones or other communication devices. Most common exchange by email(64.8%), searching for information to select a purchase (45.9%). Ordering goods and services via the Internet (19%) and chat rooms (15.6%) lag significantly behind in popularity. There are more than 15 million broadband Internet subscribers in the country. About 6.6 million Japanese people go online only with cell phones. For example, in 2000, the number of Internet users increased by 74% due to the rise in mobile phones with access to the Internet. Reduced connection and payment costs, as well as the spread of DSL (high-speed Internet access via landline telephone lines) promise further growth in the number of users in the future. Today, fees for such connections in Japan are significantly lower than in any other country. Japan ranks 14th in the world in terms of the number of Internet users.
3. Technoparks, technopolises
In 1991, the Department of Electronics Industry (DEP) and Software Technology Park, by decision of the Government of India, began to create a network of technology parks. However, in fairness, we note that the decision of the USSR government at one time to create the Novosibirsk Academgorodok and a “ring” of industrial production around it in the late 50s was, in a sense, the first experience in creating such city-technoparks.
The purpose of technology parks is the formation of centers for the concentration of advanced knowledge and technologies with the rapid introduction of the latter into production. In India, technology parks are exempt from import taxes, from paying internal taxes and fees for five years, and have a number of other benefits (energy supply and communications, including satellite). Now they are already acquiring the features of comprehensive research centers with developed infrastructure and the most modern facilities for R&D in the field of electronics. They are created according to the principle of a “closed production cycle”.
In India, the formation of the structure of technology parks continues. In various states, on the basis of existing production and research institutions, the creation of the largest centers of modern production is underway. Technology parks are being established throughout India, but particular progress has been made in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The intensive growth of technology parks, accompanied by government guarantees of preferential taxation and the formation of various research institutes, makes India today an attractive place for foreign investment.
In Japan, technology parks are called technopolises, since they are many times larger than parks both in territory and in the volume of work and research carried out. By the beginning of the new century, Japanese technopolises had become the main centers of science and technology of the 21st century.
Technopolis is a government program of the early 80s, which has become one of the key elements of the country's regional development strategy in the context of the transition to a knowledge-intensive industrial structure, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the introduction of IT into the economy.
The technopolis construction program provided for a balanced and organic combination of high-tech industry, science (universities, engineering colleges, research institutes, laboratories) and living space (prosperous and spacious living areas), as well as the combination of the rich traditions of the regions with advanced industrial technology. The new research and production campuses were conceived as multi-purpose and integrated, which distinguished them from similar territorial entities in the USA and Europe. Japanese technopolises include not only science parks and research centers, capital and new technologies, but also new residential areas, roads, communications and communications.
Technopolises are fundamentally different from the territorial production complexes that were created in Japan in the 60-70s. Their novelty lies in the fact that the most advanced industries and technologies, characterized by knowledge intensity and a high share of added value, were chosen as the main lever for boosting the economy of peripheral regions. The process of selecting these industries and productions, as well as the development and implementation of specific development plans for each technopolis, was within the competence of local governments.
Technopolises were created in various parts of the country (outside large urban agglomerations). They became strongholds for the development of peripheral areas. Construction was not originally planned large number technopolises, but the interest in them in the regions was so high that a decision was made to expand the circle of program participants. To date, the number of technopolises has reached 26.
At the new stage in the life of technopolises, support for R&D comes to the fore, aimed at nurturing “creative” people and “creative” industries, strengthening the service sector of a production nature (“brains of industry”), creating a comfortable living environment, opportunities for sports and other activities. active recreation. It is planned to strengthen information communication between individual “techno-cities”.
4. Supercomputers
Western restrictions on the transfer of know-how in advanced areas of science and the refusal to provide India with a range of equipment for its development programs meant that Indian scientists and engineers were able to create most of the components and equipment needed for the rapidly advancing space and nuclear programs. energy. At one time, the US administration's refusal to allow India to supply a supercomputer capable of performing more than 2000 mega theoretical operations per second (MTOPS) led to India building one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. The new PARAM-10000 supercomputer, capable of performing one trillion mathematical calculations per second, was built by the Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
By 1999, the highest level of development and practical results were achieved by DRDO (ANURAG laboratory - Advanced Numerical Research and Analisis Group) in creating PACE (Process for Aerodynamics Computerized Evaluation). This high-performance computing system was intended primarily for military applications and other broad classes of tasks.
On June 23, at the International Supercomputer Conference, the next version of the world ranking was announced TOP500 supercomputers. The leader of the TOP500 list is still the Earth Simulator computing complex (speed 35.9 TFLOPS), which was built by NEC in 2002 and immediately took the “supercomputer throne”. This computer achieves a peak performance of 35.86 Teraflops. It is almost 5 times faster than the second-ranked ASCI Q supercomputer (7,727 teraflops) based on 4096 Alpha Server SC ES45 processors with clock frequency 1.25 GHz from Hewlett-Packard, which is located at the Los Alamos Laboratory of the US Department of Defense. The seventh position in the ranking is occupied by the Fujitsu supercomputer RIKEN Super Combined Cluster/2048 (2004), operating at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research of Japan (speed 8.7 TFLOPS).
An analysis of the geographical distribution of supercomputers shows a steady increase in their number in Asian countries, except Japan. Of the 500 systems, 34 operate in Japan, with another 55 operating in other Asian countries. There are 124 supercomputers in Europe.
In 2004, Japan began developing a supercomputer capable of running at 2 quadrillion operations per second. This is 30 times faster than the most modern analogue. The project is being implemented on the basis of technologies from the University of Tokyo by a group of research structures and companies, including the American IBM.
In four years, it is planned to put into operation an unprecedented computing system, which will be a serial connection of 2 million processors
5. Telephone fashion in India and Japan
Mobile telephony in India continues to displace traditional fixed-line telephony. According to the government, the country now has 43.9 million fixed-line users and about 44.5 million subscribers cellular networks. “Thus, the number of cellular network subscribers has exceeded the number of fixed line subscribers,” the Telecom Authority of India said in a statement. According to US investment bank Morgan Stanley, the Indian mobile market will grow by 40% annually. This trend of constant growth may continue until 2007. Moreover, India is the second largest mobile market after China, so mobile phone manufacturers are paying increased attention to it. Market research suggests that India could add another 110 million new cellular subscribers over the next three years. As time goes on, new mobile phone owners in India are becoming younger - because the cost of calls is falling, operators are providing subsidies for phones and the principle of prepayment is widespread. However, weak gross domestic product and the same widespread popularity of prepaid are putting pressure on average revenue per unit (ARPU), pushing it down to $8 per month, which is significantly worse than global returns ($21.3). The growth of the Indian mobile market is primarily driven by messaging. With the cost of SMS dropping by 50%, the number of messages sent has increased dramatically. Revenue from SMS services is expected to reach more than $1 billion in 2007.
But if in India mobile phones are just appearing among the majority of the population, then among the Japanese with mobile phones it is difficult to meet at least one with old model. A two-year-old phone is akin to a ten-year-old car.
What makes the residents of the Land of the Rising Sun constantly change their pipes? To understand this, you need to imagine the flow of information falling on the local consumer and know the psychology of the Japanese. A mobile phone is vital for them, so changing devices is not so much following fashion as a desire to keep up with the times. The Japanese mobile market looks unusual: people here expect innovation and are willing to pay for it. In the country it is customary to use the most latest models phones and i-Mode services, hang up the handsets with key chains, toys, and straps. This applies equally to both men and women. Accessories that emit scents are popular (you can choose the scent to suit your taste). The Japanese change such things almost once a week. In large department stores, the accessory departments are larger than the telephone departments.
The vast majority of mobile phones in the world are second generation technology. The introduction of third generation models is actively underway in Japan. Third-generation phones provide access to the Internet, transmission of high-quality images, browsing websites and electronic correspondence, as well as making financial payments.
The Japanese company NTT DoCoMo received a license to test the system in 2003 mobile communications fourth generation. Widespread adoption of fourth-generation technology may begin in 2010. Fourth-generation phones will provide the same functions as the third, but at a much higher cost. high speed data transfer. This will allow you to combine the functions of a cell phone, landline and satellite phone, as well as a computer, game console and music player.
6.Look into the future
In the last decade, futurologists in many countries have begun to enthusiastically predict the pace and direction of global technological progress. Some of these forecasts are no less exciting to read than the novels of Jules Verne or other great science fiction writers of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Interesting in this regard is another forecast compiled and published several months ago by employees of the National Institute for Science and Technology Policy Research, working under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The institute has been making such forecasts since 1971 (once every five years) based on studying the latest achievements of scientists around the world. The current forecast is already the seventh in a row. Forecast conclusions often become specific target indicators for ministries, departments, and industries. So, with the help of Japanese specialists, we will try to look beyond the horizon, into the not-so-distant future.
2006 - development of a method for treating AIDS;
2007 - the emergence of a method for treating atherosclerosis;
2008 - creation of a method for eliminating ozone holes;
2009 - implantation of foreign genes into human chromosomes;
2010 - creation of reliable systems for protecting private secrets stored in computer memory from unwanted electronic intrusion by individual hackers and interested organizations;
Distribution of pocket-sized wireless multimedia terminals capable of operating in all corners of the world.
The “Calendar of the Future”, of course, does not end there, but forecasts for the longer term lose their specificity and become very vague. However, the data presented allow us to draw some conclusions. According to Japanese futurologists, over time the need to create new computer technologies will decrease. The interest of scientists will shift to robotics, in which Japan still holds the world leadership and with the development of which in this country the prospects for solving a number of pressing labor problems are associated. Certain incentives for space exploration will remain. Somewhat late compared to the United States and Russia, Japan is ready to join the space race. But new achievements in medicine (in particular, gerontology), biology, and genetic engineering will become much more urgent and in demand. The steady aging of Japan's population requires radical and fundamentally new solutions to ensure the well-being of the elderly part of society. Huge efforts and funds will be focused on the problems of curing illnesses, especially senile ones, and providing proper care for bedridden patients, even with the help of robotic nurses and robotic nurses.
In India the plans are not as ambitious as in Japan. At the moment, all the funds that the government will allocate in the coming years for the development of the IT sector will be used to expand the coverage of the Internet, mobile communications, as well as radio and television broadcasting. In addition, India will begin production of an inexpensive pocket computer designed to eliminate digital illiteracy. The new “handheld” was created by local scientists who spent three years developing it. The first computers are expected to go on sale in April 2007.
India will also independently carry out new programs in the field of nuclear energy (the full nuclear cycle - from geological exploration and production to electricity production and waste storage). Today, 14 power reactors with a total capacity of 2720 MW are in commercial operation (providing 2-4% of energy needs). Plans provide for the construction of new nuclear power plant units with a total capacity of up to 20 GW in the period until 2020.
Conclusion
Can the path taken by the Japanese economy, science and technology be considered ideal? Hardly. And it is not at all necessary for others to try to repeat what the Japanese have done. Each country has its own historical, economic, cultural, scientific characteristics, and finally, there is a difference in mentality. In India, the transition to the information age took place at a completely different pace. And yet, Indians now work in almost every Silicon Valley company. The country is on the verge of a giant leap forward. For most of the 20th century, the gap between India and the West was estimated at 30–50 years or more, but it is now rapidly narrowing thanks to the active development and use of ICT.
More recently, Japan and India established a joint research group in the field of information technology. The group was created to promote Japanese business activity in India, a country where European and American companies are already well established. The two countries are to create six joint research groups that will focus on mobile communications, broadband Internet and other measures. Officials from governments, companies and research organizations of the two countries will take part in the work of these groups. The Japanese government wishes to catch up with European countries and the US in terms of business activity in India by strengthening ties and cooperation with the government, industries and research organizations. And this, in my opinion, means not only India’s complete transition to the information age, but also the borrowing of Japan’s strategy in the subsequent development of this Asian country
Literature
1. "Information technology markets in Asian countries." Based on materials from the Information and Research Center "SIBIS", together with the publication CNews.ru.
2. Materials from the news site INDIA.RU.
3. Materials from the site Business Online - a new generation of business.htm.
4. Based on materials from Reuters. 2001-2003 "World Discussions". Information and analytical magazine WDI.ru NEWS.htm.
5. Yu. Moisenko. "Indian information miracle". BUSINESS VEDOMOSTI, No. 73 (2587), Thursday, April 4, 2002.
10. Vsevolod Ovchinnikov “Sakura Branch” thirty years later
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