About 100 years ago, television turned from laboratory experiments into public entertainment: public viewings began to be held, and the first industrial televisions appeared. These gadgets have come a long way from simple boxes with rotating disks to the most complex electronic systems with plasma, liquid crystals and lasers.
How did television develop and who had a hand in creating the “cinema killer”? In a new series of articles, “110 Years of Television,” the site recalls the vibrant history of devices that transmit moving pictures.
"Pantelegraph" and Nipkow's disk
The first work in the field of transmitting images over a distance appeared about one and a half hundred years ago: in 1862, the Italian Giovanni Caselli developed the “Pantelegraph”, which made it possible to transmit images over wires. True, the picture was static, and the original had to be on a copper plate.
Until the photoconductivity of selenium and the external photoelectric effect were discovered, it was impossible to transmit an image without special preparation. And in 1884, the German Paul Nipkow made an important invention: a disk with holes arranged in a spiral. The disk is called: Nipkow disk.
If we place some well-lit object behind the disk and spin this same disk, then due to the rapid rotation of the holes on its surface we will see the object clearly. You can build the following analogy: if you quickly run along a fence with many cracks, then at high speed the cracks will merge and we will see what is behind the fence.
And if, instead of a person, a photocell monitors the disk, then we already have a system that scans the image. Now we connect it to the same device with a Nipkow disk, only instead of a photocell we use a light source (lamp) - and then, being on the other side of the disk, we will see how the same image is restored.
Image from the book Homemade Television (1937) In order for the image to be clear and the path of the disk holes not to resemble an arc, the disk itself had to be made as large as possible and covered with a large number of tiny holes, and the frame size should be as small as possible.
Then the frame itself looks not like a segment of a circle, but like a rectangle, and the trajectory of the holes is almost straight. One hole - one line of “scanning”. There are known systems in which there were more than 400 holes. But the most common standard was 30 lines, and the image size was barely larger than a postage stamp.
It is interesting that Paul Nipkow had virtually no interest in the implementation of his invention and television in general, and the issued patent was revoked after 15 years due to a lack of interest in the new product.
On turn of the 19th century and the 20th century, the first television receivers began to appear. The creative search of inventors followed unbeaten paths, and their systems were strikingly different from one another. Back in 1900, Russian inventor Alexander Polumordvinov developed the “telephot” - the world’s first color television system with a Nipkow disk. Russian emigrant Hovhannes Adamyan also works with color in Germany.
In 1923, the American Charles Jenkins transmitted a moving silhouette image, almost simultaneously the Scotsman John Baird also broadcast silhouettes, and two years later, in 1925, he demonstrated for the first time a television broadcast of halftone moving objects.
John Baird with ventriloquism dummies James and Stooky Bill in front of his television set, 1926. Photo: Wikipedia It's funny that when Baird arrived at the Daily Express, the editor sent the staff down to get rid of a lunatic who claimed to be able to see on the radio and that the lunatic might be armed.
Baird uses a Nipkow disk in his design. For several years, he has been developing a color television, organizing broadcasts between cities and even across the ocean, and conducting live television broadcasts of horse races. The number of lines grows from 5 to 30, and subsequently Baird will even develop 1000-line television (which, however, will remain an experiment).
This is what the picture looked like on Baird's first TV. Photo from BairdTelevision.com
The world's very first mass-produced televisions
The bright but short era of mechanical television begins. Television companies appear in France, the USA, and Germany.
In 1929, the American company Western Television produced the world's first serial television - the Visionette with a Nipkow disk with a diameter of 17 inches (43 cm). In total, about 300 televisions of this model were produced.
The device itself cost $88.25, and you had to buy the housing separately (another $20), the audio receiver ($85), and the neon lamp.
In today's money (taking into account inflation), such a kit would cost about $3,000. Yes, at first television was entertainment for the rich.
Visionette TV. Photo from EarlyTelevision.org Baird's television (it was called Televisor) was produced in Great Britain in 1930-1933; about a thousand units were produced in total.
Photo from TVHistory.tv website The first televisions in the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the first experimental television broadcasts took place in 1931, and regular ones only at the end of 1934. The German television standard was used: 30 lines, frequency 12.5 frames per second (the Nipkow disk must rotate at a speed of 750 rpm), aspect ratio 4:3. The broadcasts were carried out for half an hour a night from even to odd numbers.
Schedule from the magazine "Radiofront". At first, in our country, television amateurism was also an expensive pleasure: a TV set of the “B-2” brand (1933−1936) cost 235 rubles. In this case, the TV had to be connected to one radio receiver in order to simply watch programs, and to another one - in order to listen to sound at the same time.
TV "B-2". Photo: Wikipedia The magazine "Radiofront" popularized television in the country and published circuit diagrams of televisions for self-assembly; The editorial board of the magazine developed several models of simple television receivers. A set of parts for assembling a TV model “TRF-1” cost only 13 rubles - for this amount you could subscribe to the magazine for a year.
One of the first in the USSR was Minsk resident Genrikh Bortnovsky: already on the eve of 1933, he received a New Year’s broadcast from Moscow. This was the first television on the territory of modern Belarus.
It is interesting that in 1936 the magazine “Radiofront” published several critical articles in which it condemned the Belarusian Radio Committee for inaction, red tape and an internecine war with the city radio broadcasting department.
As a result, many TV and radio amateurs could not get advice and build their own receivers. Perhaps it was precisely this inactivity of the Belarusian Radio Committee that contributed to the development of the talent of self-taught people like Bortnovsky.
Photo from Radiofront magazine, 1936 TVs with mirror screw
By the end of the thirties, “TV amateurism” in the USSR was slowly becoming an increasingly popular hobby: the Leningrad plant produced three thousand B-2 televisions, and according to magazine schemes, amateurs throughout the country assembled hundreds and hundreds of homemade receivers of various designs.
In 1937, B. Schaefer’s book “Homemade TV” was published in the Detizdat publishing house with a circulation of 50 thousand copies. At that time, broadcasts were carried out in Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Saratov, Odessa, and foreign broadcasts could also be caught.
In parallel with the disk one, another mechanical television system is being developed: with a mirror screw.
Plates polished to a mirror finish are mounted on the rod, each of which is slightly offset relative to the previous one. The result is a big shiny screw that looks like a spiral from a meat grinder. Rotating at high speed, the screw reflected the light from the neon lamp, and an image was built right on its surface.
If viewers could watch TVs with a Nipkow disc one at a time, then 10-15 people saw the broadcast on a screw TV at the same time. True, the construction of such a device required much more time, and a set of parts cost 150 rubles.
Photo from Television Experiments.com 
TZS TV with mirror screw. Photo from the site rw6ase.narod.ru
Mechanical systems with a “wandering beam” were also used: the announcer sat in a dark room, a light beam passed through him, passing through a Nipkow disk, and the reflected light hit photocells. This technology did not allow broadcasts outside the studios, but, surprisingly, it existed for quite a long time: in Great Britain until 1935 and in Germany until 1938.
The advent of all-electronic systems
Mechanical television systems began to be phased out in the second half of the 1930s. The main reason is the massive introduction of all-electronic systems, which occurred in the early to mid-30s.
In the United States, the last mechanical television networks existed at universities and were closed in 1939. In the USSR, electronic television broadcasts had been broadcast since 1938, but mechanical television existed in our country until April 1940, because the population had a lot of industrial and homemade televisions.
In addition to the already mentioned serial “B-2”, models “T-1” (Leningrad Comintern Plant), “Pioneer TM-3” (Leningrad Radio Plant named after Kozitsky) and some others were produced in small series - about half a dozen models in total.
Work on electronic television has been carried out since the beginning of the twentieth century in parallel with the study of mechanical television: back in 1906, Max Dieckmann, a student of the famous scientist Karl Braun, patented the use of Braun's tube for transmitting images.
A year later, Russian professor Boris Rosing registered his invention, proving the technical feasibility of using a cathode ray tube. In 1911, he demonstrated the transmission of simple static figures and its reception on a vacuum tube.
In the 20s, Englishman Alan Campbell-Swinton, Hungarian Kalman Tihanyi (“radioscope”), Japanese Kenjiro Takayanagi, and American Philo Farnsworth (“dissector”) built and patented their electronic television installations. In 1928, scientists from Tashkent Boris Grabovsky and Ivan Belyansky broadcast a moving image, and Belyansky himself could be seen on the electronic “telephone” they constructed.
But still, another Russian, Vladimir Zvorykin, a student of Rosing, is considered the inventor of electronic television. After the revolution, Zvorykin emigrated to America and at the end of the 20s he developed and patented at RCA a receiving television tube - a kinescope, and a transmitting tube - an iconoscope.
The kinescope made it possible to improve the quality of the received picture: from 30-120 lines in mechanical systems with a Nipkow disk to 400 lines and subsequently even up to 1000 lines.
Vladimir Zvorykin with an iconoscope. Photo from EngineeringHistory.Tumblr.com In 1934, Telefunken began regular electronic television broadcasting in Germany (two years later, the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Berlin would be broadcast in live), in 1936 Italy, France, and Great Britain joined. At the origins of British electronic television is Isaac Schoenberg, a native of Pinsk.
Due to patent disputes in the United States, television appeared only in 1938, and RCA used different standards in different cities: for example, in New York they used the Zworykin iconoscope, and in Philadelphia and San Francisco they used the Farnsworth dissector. In addition, there are other companies on the market with their own standards. The United States will come to a single standard in 1941.
Vladimir Zvorykin demonstrates his electronic television, 1929. Photo: Wikipedia Zvorykin repeatedly traveled to Europe and the USSR and advised companies when launching television. As a result, an agreement was concluded with the RCA company in the Soviet Union, and in 1938 an electronic television station was launched on Shabolovka; Regular broadcasting began on March 10, 1939. The station transmitted a television signal at a frequency of 49.75 MHz with a resolution of 343 lines (25 frames per second).
To receive television programs, the Leningrad Kozitsky Plant, according to RCA documentation, produced a TV model “TK-1” with 33 lamps. It was a complex design that required highly qualified specialists to assemble and set up. By the end of 1938, the plant produced two hundred copies, and by the beginning of the war - about 6 thousand televisions of this model. On the basis of this model, the Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant produced a pilot batch of the ATP-1 TV.
TV "TK-1". Photo from DVostok.com In Leningrad itself, an experienced television and radio center had been broadcasting in a different standard since 1937 at a frequency of 37.5 MHz (240 lines, 25 frames per second); and from September 1938, regular broadcasts began twice a week. To receive these programs, they released a VRK TV with 24 lamps. Only 20 copies were made, which were used as test ones.
TV "VRK".
Shortly before the war, the Leningrad Radist plant mastered the production of the 17TN-1/17TN-3 TV model, which made it possible to watch both Moscow and Leningrad programs - more than 2 thousand of them were produced before the war.
A giant leap in TV popularity
After World War II, the popularity of television took a giant leap.
In Great Britain, before the war, about 19 thousand television sets were produced, in 1947 their number was estimated at 17 thousand, and in 1952 - already 1.4 million. In the USA, about 7-8 thousand television sets were produced before the war, in 1947 there were there were already 180 thousand, and by 1951 - 10 million.
In the USSR, shortly before the start of the war, there were several thousand mechanical and electronic televisions of different standards. In 1944, we developed an electronic television standard of 625 lines, which was approved two years later (it will also be implemented in Europe); and two years later, in 1948, the first regular television broadcasts in the new standard began in Moscow.
New generation televisions “Moskvich T-1” and “Leningrad T-1” appeared, as well as the first mass Soviet television “KVN-49”, which was produced from 1948 to 1967 in at least eight factories and sold 2.5 million copies . In 1957, the number of Soviet television viewers exceeded 1 million.
TV "KVN-49". Photo from Dvostok.com Gradually, the market began to become saturated, and in the struggle for viewers, television companies around the world began to introduce color television. But we will talk about this in the next material of the project!
The new generation of Samsung SUHD TVs convey images as accurately and realistically as possible. Thanks to advanced quantum dot technology, even the smallest details and dark areas in an image are visible in any lighting conditions.
It is quite difficult to answer the question of who invented the television at first glance, since the history of the television as a technology had two branches of development, based on different principles– electromechanical TV (mechanical) and electronic. Often, economic, political and ideological interests are always squeezed into the answer to such questions, which makes everything even more confusing. But still, let’s try to understand in more detail the individuals and personalities who contributed to the development of television and the invention of television.
As a rule, you can come across the following names that are credited with the invention of the television: Baird, Rosing, Zvorykin, Kataev, Persky, Nipkov, Takayanagi, Farnsworth. Let's try to understand these names and what contribution each of them made to the invention of the television.
Nipkow Paul Julius Gottlieb
Technician and inventor from Germany. He is best known for inventing a disk in 1884, called the “Nipkow disk.” The disk made it possible to mechanically scan objects so that information about them could later be transmitted to the receiver. The disk was an ordinary rotating circle with holes in a spiral. By rotating, it allowed the object to be read line by line. Nipkov did not invent the television, but he did invent an important component for mechanical television.
Schematic representation of a Nipkow disk
Persky Konstantin Dmitrievich
He was a teacher in the cadet corps of St. Petersburg and had the rank of guards artillery captain. In 1900, he made a presentation at the IV International Electrotechnical Congress “Television through electricity”, where he first used the term “television”. Since the report was read in French, many do not even think about the fact that the term was essentially invented by a Russian. But Persky has nothing to do directly with the development of the TV.
Baird John Logie
By the 1920s, when signal amplification made television more practical, Scottish inventor John Lougie Baird used the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public display of television images of the silhouette in motion at the Selfridge department store in London. Since human faces did not have enough contrast to show up in his primitive system, he broadcast an image of the head of a talking ventriloquist doll called "Stooky Bill", whose painted face had more contrast. By January 26, 1926, he presented the first transmission of an image of a human face in motion via radio, which is considered the first television transmission in the world. In 1927, it carried out the first broadcast transmission in the world, transmitting a signal between London and Glasgow over a distance of 705 km.
Rosing Boris Lvovich
Rosing was a Russian physicist, teacher and inventor. He realized that the development path of mechanical television was a dead end, so he began his research by introducing an inertia-free electron beam into the television system, thereby opening an alternative path for the development of television communications. His main merit was not even that he proposed new way transmission of images over a distance, which was still very imperfect, but the fact that this method of transmission set the vector of development for all television systems of the future, including modern ones. Rosing's system had no mechanical parts. It is because of this fact that Rosing should be considered the main inventor of the electronic television. This priority was also secured by a patent in 1907, which were recognized in a number of leading European powers, such as Germany, the USA, and England. And in 1911, Rosing created a prototype of a kinescope, which received the simplest images, which became the world's first television transmission of electronic television.
Diagram of the television system of B. L. Rosing, developed in 1907. At the top is the transmitting device, at the bottom is the receiving cathode ray tube.
Campbell-Swinton Alan Archibald
Alan Campbell-Swinton was a Scottish electrical engineer who was Rosing's main competitor in developing the theoretical basis for electrical television. Campbell-Swinton, like Rosing, understood that mechanical television was limited in its development due to the limited number of scanning lines, leading to poor image quality and flickering of the picture. In 1908, he wrote an article for the journal Nature, where he outlined his view of the “electric vision”. In the same year, he writes another article, “Remote Electrical Vision,” where he outlines the principles by which he proposes to create electric television. In 1911, he gave a speech in London, where he theoretically described a system of remote electrical vision using cathode ray tubes, both at the receiving and transmitting ends, which was fundamentally no different from Rosing’s scheme. True, he was never able to conduct successful experiments to create such a system in the future. In 1914, he conducted a series of not very successful experiments in collaboration with G.M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton.
Takayanagi Kenjiro
On December 25, 1925, the Japanese Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a 40-line resolution television system using a Nipkow disk scanner and a cathode ray tube. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at the University of Shizuoka, Hamamatsu Campus in Japan. By 1927, Takayanagi had improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unsurpassed until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to render human faces in halftones. His work influenced the later work of Vladimir Kuzmich Zvorykin.
Farnsworth Philo Taylor
Farnsworth is an American television inventor. His contribution was that he invented a special transmission device called an "image dissector", which did the same thing as a Nipkow disk in a mechanical system, it allowed the image to be broken down into electrical signals. He also managed to build the world's first fully electronic television system, which he demonstrated in 1928 to the press, and in 1934 he demonstrated this system to the public.
Farnsworth Image Dissector
Kataev Semyon Isidorovich
Kataev was a Soviet inventor and scientist who was involved in the development of Rosing's ideas in practical terms. He was a competitor to another inventor of Russian origin, who will be discussed below, Zvorykin. Both inventors tried to develop Rosing's idea of using CRTs in television. But the tubes are different. The Germans at this time were intensively trying to develop gas-focusing CRTs, that is, using gas in a tube to focus the cathode rays. Kataev took a different path and began to develop a CRT with magnetic focusing. The result of his work was the so-called. “radio eye” is an analogue of Zvorykin’s iconoscope. His invention Kataev S.I. tested it in 1931, and in 1933 received a patent for it in the USSR. Later, when Zvorykin and Kataev showed each other their inventions, Zvorykin noted that the radio eye was superior to his iconoscope in some respects.
Zvorykin Vladimir Kozmich
Zvorykin was also a Russian inventor and student of Boris Rosing, although after the revolution his relationship with the new Soviet government did not work out, and he emigrated to the USA, where he continued to develop the ideas of his teacher. Zvorykin in the West is considered the inventor of the television, but, of course, this cannot be considered for the many reasons that we have already noted above, although his contribution to the development of television is also difficult to overestimate. Unlike Kataev, Zvorykin followed the path of creating a CRT with electrostatic focusing. The thinking of Kataev and Zvorykin was diametrically opposed, which gave rise to such a difference in approaches and inventions. If Kataev, as a true theorist, first decided to invent a transmitting tube, and only then a receiving one, then Zvorykin did the opposite, since instead of a transmitting one, it was possible to use a transmitter built like a Nipkow disk. In 1935 V.K. Zworykin received a US patent for his invention, although he staged demonstrations of his invention back in 1926. Televisions with magnetic focusing were more common until the 70s of the 20th century, since for a long time it was not possible to obtain a CRT with electrostatic focusing that was of equal quality. But it was with the advent of the iconoscope that electronic television fully became a reality.
RESULTS
As mentioned above, a distinction should be made between electromechanical and electronic TVs. The mechanical TV appeared parallel to the electronic one, so it cannot be considered a predecessor, rather a dead-end branch of development. It was severely limited in increasing picture quality and resolution, unlike cathode ray tube televisions. Therefore, all names associated with a mechanical television can be excluded from contenders for the invention of the television as we know it. Thus, Nipkow, Baird and the rest did not invent the electronic television.
On the Internet you can often find the thesis that Kataev filed his patent application before Zvorykin and formally it is more correct to consider him the inventor of the television, but in fact Zvorykin invented his iconoscope earlier, but due to bureaucratic red tape, his patent was considered for a long time. In fact, this is generally unimportant, since both of them were Rosing’s students, and Zvorykin more than once confirmed Rosing’s priority in the invention of television, therefore it was Boris Lvovich Rosing who, obviously, should be called the inventor of television. He foresaw the future of electronic television long before anyone else and was an active popularizer of this idea.
TV (television receiver) (from the New Latin televisorium - visionary) - electronic device for receiving and displaying images and sound transmitted over wireless channels (including television programs, as well as signals from video playback devices).The idea of transmitting images at a distance has existed since ancient times, being reflected in myths and legends (for example, “The Tale of the Silver Saucer and the Pourable Apple”), however, the technical and theoretical basis for creating such a device appeared only at the end of the 19th century, after the creation of radio .
In 1884, German inventor Paul Nipkow invented the Nipkow disk, a device that formed the basis of mechanical television.
On October 10, 1906, inventors Max Diekmann, a student of Karl Ferdinand Braun, and G. Glage registered a patent for the use of Braun's tube for transmitting images. Brown was against research in this area, considering the idea unscientific.
In 1907, Dieckmann demonstrated a television receiver with a twenty-line screen measuring 3x3 cm and a scanning frequency of 10 frames/s.
On July 25, 1907, Boris Lvovich Rosing, a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, filed an application for the invention “Method of electrically transmitting images over distances,” proving the possibility of using a cathode ray tube to convert an electrical signal into visible image points. The beam was scanned in the tube using magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (change in brightness) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing through the diaphragm onto the screen.
On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric figures and their reception with reproduction on a CRT screen. The transmitted image was static (that is, there were no moving objects).
In 1908, the Armenian inventor Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals (“P a device for converting local oscillations of a light beam reflected from an oscilloscope mirror into oscillations in the brightness of a Heussler tube", application filed in 1907). He later received similar patents in Great Britain, France and Russia (1910, “Receiver for images transmitted electrically over distances”). In 1918, Adamyan assembled the first installation in Russia capable of demonstrating black and white images (static figures), which was a big step in the development of television. In 1925, he received a patent for a three-color electromechanical television system, that is, for a device for transmitting color images over a distance using a disk with three series of holes. As the disk rotated, the three colors merged into a single image. Experimental transmissions were demonstrated in the same year in Yerevan.
There are many publications about the creation of an electronic television system in 1928 by the inventor from Tashkent B.P. Grabovsky. The first television receiver in history, on which the Tashkent experiment was carried out, was called a “telephoto”.
In 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Bird first demonstrated television transmission of moving objects using a Nipkow disk. In the late 1920s, the company he founded, Baird Corporation, was the only television manufacturer in the world.
A real breakthrough in electronic television technology was made by B. Rosing’s student V.K. Zvorykin (who emigrated to America after the revolution and worked for RCA) - in 1923 he submitted an application for television based entirely on the electronic principle, and in 1931 he created the first world, a transmitting electron tube with a mosaic photocathode, called an “iconoscope,” which laid the foundation for the development of electronic television. The iconoscope is the first electronic transmitting television tube, which made it possible to begin mass production of television receivers. Next, Zworykin set about creating a completely electronic television system. For complete success, it was necessary to carry out a lot of work to improve the iconoscope and kinescope (receiving tube), systems for converting and transmitting electrical signals, solving technological problems associated with obtaining the required photosensitive structure, etc.
Regular television broadcasting using a system with optical-mechanical image scanning began in the USA in 1927, in the UK in 1928, in Germany in 1929.
The first regular electronic television broadcasting in the VHF band began in 1935 in Germany (441 lines), in 1936 in England (405 lines), Italy (441 lines) and France (455 lines). Regular broadcasting with program announcements began in the UK in 1936.
After the Second World War in the United States, the population did not lose purchasing power, and its radio-electronic industry, which had increased enormous capacity during the war and lost defense orders, found a field of activity in the form of telephony of the country and quickly solved this problem. If in 1947 there were about 180 thousand televisions in the United States, then by 1953 their number increased to 28 million! (that is, almost every second family had a TV). For six years, the market was practically saturated with black-and-white televisions, and in order to create a new mass product, the American radio industry began to seriously engage in color television.
After the development and creation of this system, regular color television broadcasting began in the United States in 1953. At the same time, color televisions appeared. Back then, it cost on average about a thousand dollars (half the cost of an average car), and its annual maintenance cost about the same amount. For example, almost weekly adjustments by a specialist were required (the first televisions had more than a hundred control knobs). Therefore, color television in the USA became widespread only after 12-15 years (the first 10 million televisions were sold only by 1966).
The Japanese radio industry quickly established the production of relatively cheap color televisions for the US market, and therefore in 1960 Japan itself adopted the American system (that is, the choice was forced).
Regular television broadcasting in Russia (USSR) began on March 10, 1939.
The first Soviet television (set-top box - the television did not have its own loudspeaker and was connected to a broadcast receiver) using a system with a Nipkov disk was created at the Leningrad Komintern plant (now the Kozitsky plant) in April 1932. It was a brand B-2, with a screen size of 3x4 cm. In 1933-1936. The plant produced about 3 thousand of these televisions. In 1938, the Komintern plant produced televisions TK-1, it was a complex model with 33 radio tubes and was manufactured under an American license and using their documentation. By the end of the year, about 200 televisions had been produced. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, their fleet numbered up to 2000 units. Approximately the same number of TVs of the model were produced VRK(All-Union Radio Committee).
Work on creating a simplified television receiver designed for the mass consumer was carried out at another Leningrad enterprise - the Radist plant (it was here that leading specialists from VNIIT and the Kozitsky plant came). And in 1940, a serial desktop TV was created in the laboratories of Radiost. 17TN-1 with a screen with a diameter of 17 cm. Before the war, the plant managed to produce no more than 2 thousand televisions of this brand. Before the war, the Aleksandrovsky plant produced the first Soviet television, which was superior in quality to American RCA - ATP-1. But the truly first Soviet TV is considered KVN-49, even Stalin watched it. The first TVs cost more than 900 rubles.
The Moscow Television Plant (now Rubin) was created in 1951 and produced the first televisions North in 1953, the Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant (Record, now VESTEL) began producing televisions in 1957. Since the post-war TV fleet in the USSR was small, in 1951-55. an attempt was made to create a system sequential color television(which has some advantages, but is incompatible with black and white, and therefore previously rejected in America). The standard of 525 lines at 50 frames (25 fields) per second was chosen, a disk with color filters rotated in the transmitting chamber in front of the tube, the same disk rotated synchronously in front of the kinescope screen on the TV (with red filters, red image details were transmitted, with green, green, with blue - blue). Experimental broadcasting was carried out from Experimental color television station, OSCT-1. At the Leningrad plant named after. Kozitsky produced several hundred Rainbow color televisions with a kinescope with a diameter of 18 cm (with increased brightness to compensate for the loss of light in the filters).
But in February 1957, a resolution of the Council of Ministers on color television was issued with instructions to begin experimental broadcasting using a simultaneous (compatible) system in the next year, 1958. By November 1959, OSCT-2 was installed on Shabolovka, which in January 1960 began regular broadcasting via the NTSC system. Televisions were produced by two factories: in Leningrad, the plant named after. Kozitsky (the new Rainbow), and the Moscow Radio Plant - Temp-22. In total, about 4,000 of them were produced, but they were not put on public sale.
As a result, in March 1965, an agreement on cooperation in the field of color television was concluded between the USSR and France and a transition to the French SÉCAM system was made. The first broadcast color television program in the USSR took place on November 7, 1967. The first color TVs were also French - several hundred KFT TVs were purchased. In the 70s - 80s, there was a gradual replacement of the fleet of black and white televisions with domestically produced color ones. The park of color televisions was difficult to form, although they for a long time They even sold below cost. In the first years of color broadcasting, there was even a real sales crisis: the population almost stopped buying black and white televisions on the occasion of the “advent of the era of color television,” but still did not dare to buy quite expensive color ones, not being confident in their quality and reliability (and the volume of color TV programs grew very slowly at that time).
At the end of the 1980s, the population in the USSR already had more than 50 million color televisions.
Until about the 1990s, televisions were used exclusively based on kinescope (cathode ray tube). At the end of the 20th century, projection televisions began to become widespread (both based on CRT and LCD, as well as based on a micromechanical optical modulator). TVs based on almost flat, and then completely flat, picture tubes, appeared dark picture tubes with improved black color reproduction, picture tubes with a shortened tube (the thickness of the body competes with liquid crystal ones). Transmission systems were introduced text information in the TV signal - teletext and fasttext. Televisions with picture-in-picture (PIP) function began to be produced (the first was released in 1978 by Sharp), and digital video signal processing was widely introduced, improving the final image quality. Pocket TVs with LCD screens went on sale, mini-TVs were built into watches and glasses. The technology for producing television receivers improved and became cheaper, the television became one of the most common household appliances, it became the main instrument of the world mass media, displacing radio.
At the beginning of the 21st century, televisions with liquid crystal and plasma screens (panels) began to be mass-produced, and thanks to the rapid reduction in cost, they are steadily displacing traditional picture tubes. The screen size of modern household TVs can reach up to several meters. Televisions with a very large image format (intended for public places) can be made based on matrices of discrete LEDs or based on a matrix of plasma panels.
Further development of television receivers is carried out in the direction of supporting high-definition television (HDTV) and digital television.
Every year on March 23, the Chechen Republic celebrates a regional holiday - Constitution Day of the Chechen Republic.
According to Decree of the Head of the Chechen Administration No. 34 of March 24, 2003, the holiday date is an official non-working day and an additional day off in Chechnya.
That is, in the Chechen Republic:
* March 23, 2020 (Monday) is a day off.
The working week will begin on Tuesday and last 4 days (with a five-day week). Tuesday March 24, 2020 is a working day.
Another additional day off awaits residents of the Republic on April 16, 2020, which was declared Peace Day by Decree of the President of the Chechen Republic. And a week later, on April 22, 2020, a day off was appointed in connection with the all-Russian vote on amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
On March 18, 2020, a message appeared on the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest about the cancellation of the event this year.
We tell you why the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was canceled - the reasons why the event was not moved to a later time, was not held without spectators or remotely.
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Why Eurovision 2020 was cancelled:
The cancellation of the popular music event was due to the uncertainty caused by distribution in Europe viral infection called COVID-19 (coronavirus).Why the date of Eurovision 2020 was not postponed to a later time:
The organizers posted a statement on the official website of the competition, in which they said that they had considered various alternative options holding a competition. This includes the option of holding the competition without spectators, or moving the date to a later time, after the spread of the infection has subsided.However, the transfer was complicated by the fact that The epidemiological situation in Europe is extremely uncertain, and it is unclear when everything will return to normal. If it is possible to hold a competition, for example, at the end of 2020, the winner will have very little time to prepare for the organization of the next event(which is scheduled to take place in May 2021).
Previously, the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was planned to be held in the second full week of May: from 15 to 16 May 2020.
Why Eurovision 2020 was not held without spectators or remotely:
Currently restrictions in the Netherlands the number of people who can simultaneously attend public events does not allow Eurovision to be held even in the “without spectators” format.As for the “remote” format, in this case the organizers will not be able to provide all participants with the same opportunities to demonstrate their talent, which is contrary to the values and traditions of the organization.
Where will Eurovision 2021 be held, in what composition:
Likely to host next year's Popular Song Contest Rotterdam (the second largest city in the Netherlands) will remain after the capital Amsterdam).The decision will be made by the competition organizers and the leadership of the Netherlands later.
It has also not yet been decided whether the selected participants will be able to perform the submitted songs next year, or whether they will have to compose new compositions. Let us remind you that this year she was supposed to represent Russia at Eurovision 2020 group "Little Big" with the composition "UNO".
Modern life cannot be imagined without TV. It's hard to believe that once upon a time there was no television at all. The first broadcast of images at a distance appeared in the distant 1880s, and televisions then were electromechanical. It was only in 1907 that a method of electrical image transmission appeared, and in 1932 the Americans invented an electronic television. Soon after the first black-and-white models appeared, scientists developed the first color television. Black and white tones did not allow us to fully enjoy the beauty of the outside world. Our ancestors installed three-color film in front of the TV screen, thereby trying to diversify the color gamut of the image.
First patented design
At the end of the nineteenth century, Russian inventor and industrial engineer Alexander Polumordvinov suggested the possibility of color television. At the end of 1899, he managed to obtain a patent for a genuine multi-color television system. This system was analogous to today's. Throughout history, about twenty-five color transmission projects have been known, put forward by various inventors. Alexander Polumordvinov proposed the theory of three-component multi-color vision. This theory of color perception was called Lomonosov-Jung-Helmgontz.
The essence of the theory of color perception
The meaning of this theory was that when using a light filter (three colors), a multi-colored image of various shades is obtained. These colors - red, blue and green - are still used today.
Two disks were used to obtain the image. They were spinning with at different speeds parallel to each other. In the first disk, slits were made along the lines of the radius, that is, from the center to the edge, and in the second, slits were cut in the shape of a logarithmic spiral. The number of slits was a multiple of three.
When the slots on both disks intersected, a diamond-shaped hole was created, which acted as a spreading element as the disks rotated. To obtain an image signal, the slits were sequentially closed with light filters. They were purple, green and red. Using a selenium photocell, the light that leaked through the diamond-shaped hole was converted into an electrical signal. Between the visual projection of the transmitted image and the photocell in each time interval there was one hole, which was closed with a light filter of some color. At the moment when the hole went beyond the image frame, another hole was moved on the opposite side, which was shifted by a distance equal to the width of the slit. This hole was closed with another light filter of a different color.
Find out when the first color TV appeared
Adamyar, Zvorykin and many other inventors were involved in the color television project. When figuring out what the first color TV appeared in the world, you should go back to the fifties, when in the USA the RCA company released the first TV with color broadcasting, the CBS RX-40, which had a mechanical scan. The screen was 14 by 10 cm in size; in front of it there was a disk with light filters, which had a synchronized electric motor. But the image quality was very poor. In Russia, the first color television was released in 1954 in the city of Leningrad. The name of that model is "Rainbow". The advantage of the Soviet TV was that the rotating disk was hidden in the housing. The television receiver also had an external magnifying lens made of plastic, which was filled with distilled water.
Electronic scan development
In 1950, a kinescope was developed with three electron guns located at an angle of 120 degrees relative to each other. This TV had an electronic scan and a mask kinescope covered with a mosaic phosphor. Three beams emerged from three cathodes (guns) and were collected in a “mask”. Then the rays hit the screen and the segments glowed in green, red and blue.
Westinghouse period
Using this principle, in 1954, Westinghouse released the first color television and introduced it for sale as the model H840SK15. But out of the five hundred produced, only thirty were sold in a month; most remained unsold. This failure was explained by the high price - 1295 US dollars, in today's money - 11200 dollars. Even the advertising campaign, which was supposed to create a strong desire to buy the world's first color TV, did not help. Also, the first color TV was not needed due to its irrelevance, because most programs were shown in black and white.
Second TV brand
The RCA CT-100, released in April 1954, was more popular. This was the first mass-produced color television. Its screen was 12 inches. 5,000 televisions were sold at a price of $1,000. A couple of weeks later, the same company RCA released a TV with a 15-inch screen. Later, models with 19- and 20-inch screens were introduced.
Thus began the intensive development of increasingly advanced televisions. The color television market has expanded and now, when figuring out when color televisions appeared, some historians call different dates. But the fact remains that new functions appeared in them, capabilities changed. Company General Electric sold 15-inch TVs for $1,000, and Sylvania for $1,150. Some companies rented out TVs. For example, Emerson charged two hundred dollars for the first month of rent, and the subsequent ones cost only $75. Then there was the price of $795 for a model with a diagonal of 21 inches. And by the end of 1957, one hundred and fifty thousand color televisions had been sold. In the sixties, many television models were developed, among which were the Rainbow and Temp. In the early seventies, the number of color broadcasts in the United States increased, and the cost of televisions decreased significantly. In 1967, the first color transmission of the SECAM standard appeared in the USSR, and the first Soviet color TV appeared on store shelves, it was called “Rubin-401”. It was completely Soviet designed.
in the USSR
The mass sale of televisions with color images in the USSR occurred in the seventies. For example, the Electron TV had dimensions of 77.5 * 55 * 55 cm. Such a TV was a full-fledged part of the interior, because it was also used as a shelf. The diagonal of the "Electron" was 59 cm, and the mass was 65
kg. The TV body is covered with valuable wood and varnish.
Earlier, in February 1957, the Council of Ministers decided that broadcasting on a joint system should begin in 1958. OSCT-2 was manufactured at Shabolovka in November 1958. And in January 1960, it began broadcasting regularly using the NTSC system. At that time, only two factories were producing televisions. This is the Leningrad plant named after. Kozitsky - "Rainbow" and the radio plant in Moscow - "Temp-22". The TVs have not yet gone on sale, although 4,000 of them were produced.
First color broadcast
The first color broadcast took place in 1967 on November 7 thanks to the agreement between the USSR and France. The French system was called SECAM. The brand of the first color TV was also French - KFT.
“Rubin-714” appeared, which turned out to be the most popular at that time, since the screen diagonal was already 61 cm.
For a long period, color televisions were sold at reduced prices to provide consumers with the opportunity to obtain color television at an affordable price and appreciate its benefits.
By the end of the eighties, about fifty million color televisions were sold in the USSR, and inventors were developing more and more new models of their favorite equipment.
The structure of TVs from the 70s and 80s
Inside the case on the left there were a transformer, a settings block, a radio channel and a channel switch, and at the bottom there was a color block and a condenser block. The most dangerous and powerful part was installed on the right - a scanning unit with high-voltage lamps and a TV receiving the meter range. To receive decimeter channels, a set-top box was released that converted the channels into one of the meter ones. Later they released SKD blocks that existed until the mid-nineties, that is, almost twenty years.
The next step was the transition to transistors assembled from microcircuits. Lamps were no longer used. Televisions became smaller and smaller and more technologically advanced. Manufacturers are now presenting huge amount TVs of different sizes. The possibilities of television are growing every year - progress does not stand still.