Keywords:
• text
• text document
• text editor
• text entry rules
• editing
• formatting

Text as a form of information presentation

Every written text is a certain sequence of symbols. Omission, replacement or rearrangement of at least one character in the text sometimes changes its meaning. Consider two phrases that differ from each other by a single, last character:

Who came to us!

Who came to us?

The meaning of the first sequence of symbols is that the person who entered was seen and recognized. The second sequence of characters is a question emphasizing the unknown and uncertainty of the situation.

For thousands of years, people have been recording information. During this time, both what information was written on (stone, clay, wood, papyrus, parchment, paper) and what it was used to do it (sharp stone, bone stick, bird feather, fountain pens, fountain pens, etc.) changed. At the end of the 19th century, a typewriter began to be used to perform written work). But the main thing did not change: in order to make changes to the text, it had to be rewritten. And this is a very long and labor-intensive process.

The advent of computers radically changed writing technology. Using special computer programs, you can type any text, make changes to it if necessary, write the text into the computer memory for long-term storage, print any number of copies of the text without re-entering it, or send the text using email to other computers.

You will find additional information about the history of the creation of text documents in the electronic appendix to the textbook.

Text documents

A text document can be an article, a report, a story, a poem, an invitation, an announcement, greeting card. When working online, parts of one complex document may be stored on different computers, located far from each other.

Hypertext is a way of organizing a document that allows you to quickly find necessary information. It is often used when constructing operational prompt systems and computer versions large reference books and encyclopedias. The transition from one place in hypertext to another is carried out using links. For example, let's say you're reading an encyclopedia about animals and you're especially interested in information about dogs. Let's assume that the word "bulldog" is underlined - this indicates a link within the hypertext. If you click on this word, you will be taken to another encyclopedia article that talks about this dog breed.

The main objects of a text document are: character, word, line, paragraph, page, fragment.

Symbol- number, letter, punctuation mark, etc.

Word- an arbitrary sequence of characters (letters, numbers, etc.), limited on both sides by service characters (such as space, comma, parentheses, etc.).

Line- an arbitrary sequence of characters between the left and right borders of the document.

Paragraph- an arbitrary sequence of characters limited by special characters at the end of a paragraph. Blank paragraphs are allowed.

Fragment- arbitrary sequence of characters. A fragment can be a single word, line, paragraph, page, or even the entire input text.

The computer is the main tool for preparing texts

Text preparation is one of the most common uses of computers. Installed on any computer special programs, intended for creating texts, are text editors.

You've already worked with a simple text editor. With it you can create simple texts consisting of letters, numbers, punctuation marks and special characters, which can be entered using the keyboard.

To create and design stories, reports, articles for school newspaper containing inscriptions, tables, diagrams, drawings, photographs, use more powerful text editors. They are also called word processors.

The window of one of the simple word processors is shown in Fig. 24.

Rice. 24

Preparing a document on a computer consists of steps such as entering (typing), editing, formatting and printing.

Entering text

Entering (typing) text is usually done using the keyboard. The place for entering the next text character is indicated on the monitor screen using a flashing vertical line - the cursor.

When entering text, adhere to the following rules:

1. Use capital letters where necessary.
2. Place all punctuation marks, except dashes, immediately after the last letter of the word; After any punctuation mark, press Spacebar. Emphasize dashes with spaces on both sides.
3. Avoid entering two or more spaces in a row; Don't use white space to line paragraph boundaries.
4. Don't watch the end of the line: once it is reached, the cursor will automatically move to the beginning of the next line.
5. To proceed to entering a new paragraph (or line of a poem), press the Enter key.

It will be much easier to monitor compliance with typing rules if you set the display mode for non-printable characters.

Editing text

Editing is the next stage of preparing a document on a computer. When you edit text, you review it to make sure everything is correct, correct any errors you find (such as spelling), and make changes as needed.

If the text is large, then only part of it will be visible on the screen, and all of it will be stored in the computer's memory.

Using the cursor arrows, you can move the cursor around the entire screen and move it to any character. To navigate throughout the document, there are special keys or key combinations:

In addition, there is a scrolling mode that allows you to quickly display parts of the text that are outside the screen.

When editing, you can work not only with individual characters, but also with entire fragments of text. The fragment must first be selected. To do this, you need to place the mouse pointer at the beginning of the desired fragment and, keeping the mouse button pressed, drag the pointer to its end.

The selection of a fragment can be canceled by clicking anywhere in the working area of ​​the window.

The selected fragment can be removed from the text and erased from memory, or it can be deleted from the text but placed in a special section of memory called a buffer. In this case, the deleted fragment can either be returned to its original place, or placed in another, more suitable place in the text (Fig. 25).

Rice. 25

Sometimes you have to enter texts in which individual lines, or even groups of lines, are repeated several times (remember S. Marshak’s poem “Baggage” or some song with a chorus). A repeating fragment is typed only once, then it is selected and copied using a special button - the fragment itself remains in its original place, and its exact copy is placed in the buffer. After that, you continue typing and, having reached the place where the repeating fragment should be, paste it from the buffer. This procedure can be repeated many times.

Word processors allow you to find a given word in a text and, if necessary, automatically replace one word with another throughout the text.

Modern word processors can also be tasked with detecting and correcting spelling errors.

Formatting text

At the formatting stage, various operations are performed to design the document.

First, paragraphs of text are aligned.

When text is aligned left, the left border of the paragraph forms a straight line. In this case, all lines have the same indents from the edge of the page. This paragraph is aligned left.

When text is aligned to the right, the right paragraph border forms a straight line. Each line of a paragraph ends at the same distance from the edge of the page. This paragraph is right aligned.

Centered, or centered, text is positioned like this: on both sides of each line, the width of the white space is the same. The edges of the paragraph appear uneven on both sides. This paragraph is center aligned.

Many text editors “can” automatically break text into pages and number them. They can monitor the size of the fields and adjust the distance between lines, offer a choice various options fonts.

A font is a complete set of letters of the alphabet with the general style of their image.

A normal font doesn't stand out at all.

• Bold font is darker and more visible.
• Italic font is slanted.
• Underlined font.

Font size, or point, is the height of a font, measured from the bottom edge of the lowest letter (such as "p" or "y") to the top edge of the tallest letter (such as "b"). Font size is measured in points. One point is a very small unit equal to 1/72 of an inch 1 (0.3 mm), meaning 72 point type is 1 inch high. The font size most often used in most books is 10-12 point.

1 Inch is a unit of length in the English system of measures, equal to 2.54 cm.

You will find additional information about fonts in the electronic appendix to the textbook.

To output a document onto paper, a printing device - a printer - is connected to the computer. There are various types printers.

A dot matrix printer prints using metal needles that press an ink ribbon onto the paper. By hitting the tape, they leave a pattern of dots on the paper - a matrix of letters.

An inkjet printer applies letters to paper by spraying droplets of liquid ink over it.

A laser printer uses a laser beam to print characters. This allows you to obtain typographic print quality.

Important information about creating text documents on a computer is presented in the video lecture “Techniques for working with text”, posted in the Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources (sc.edu.ru).

The most important

Text is any verbal statement, printed, written, or spoken.

Information presented in the form of written text is called textual information.

Special programs - text editors - are designed for processing text information.

Any text created using text editor, together with the non-textual materials included in it, is called a document.

Preparing a document on a computer consists of steps such as input (typing), editing and formatting.

Questions and tasks

1. Tell us about the text form of presenting information. What other forms of presenting information do you know? Explain the advantages or disadvantages of presenting the information as text compared to what you described.
2. For what purpose do you create texts? Give two or three examples.
3. Give examples of texts that differ in size, design, and purpose.
4. What fundamental changes has the computer made to the process of creating text?
5. How do you understand the meaning of the statement: “What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe”? Do you agree with this?
6. What are the similarities and differences between the capabilities of a word processor and a text editor?
7. What do you understand by text document?
8. List the main stages of preparing a text document on a computer.
9. What rules must be followed when typing (entering) text?
10. How can you transform text at the editing stage?
11. What methods of “moving” through a large text document do you know?
12. Why do you need to format text? How can you convert the text at this stage?
13. What is the name of the device for printing documents on paper?
14. Which method of creating text - computer or handwritten - do you prefer? Justify your choice.
15. One of the meanings of the word “editor” is a person who corrects a manuscript with the consent of the author. Try to use this information to explain why computer programs for creating texts were called text editors.

Computer workshop

Work 5 “Entering text”
Work 6 “Editing text”
Work 7 “Working with text fragments”
Work 8 “Format text”

Hello, dear guys. Let's start our lesson. Text information. Let's start by defining what a text is?

Text is any verbal statement printed, written, or spoken.

Information presented in the form of written text is called text information.

The first carriers of text information were:

• Stone
• Tree
• Birch bark
• Papyrus
• Parchment
• Paper

Currently, electronic media are increasingly used.

Let's talk about text documents.

Document- any text created using a text editor. A text document may include:

• Article
• Report
• Story
• Poem
• Invitation
• Announcement

Created using editors.

Here are a few text editors which are most often used in practice.

Notepad- is standard application operating room Windows systems. You can create the simplest text documents in it.

Application WordPad is also a standard text editor with more advanced capabilities.

Microsoft Word- This word processor, which is a commercial product from Microsoft.

Program OpenOffice Writer Its functionality is practically no different from Word, but it is completely free.

Hypertext- this is text that contains links to go to other documents or parts of the same document. Links can be in the form of text, pictures or banners. When you hover the mouse pointer, the pointer changes appearance. When clicked, it switches to a new document.

Basic text document objects.

The smallest object is symbol, which consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks). The symbols are formed from words, words are combined into lines, a space sign is placed between words. Paragraph begins with an indentation, with a small space between paragraphs. Next, all fragments are combined into pages. This way we get a text document.

Let's consider the main stages of document preparation.

Entering text— we type text from the keyboard. Next comes the process text editing, text formatting And seal.

Let's look at these stages in more detail.

At entering text you need to follow the rules. Before you are sentences that are written in different ways. The first two examples are incorrect, the third is correct.

1. Sing, Vasya - it’s not right
2. Sing, Vasya - it’s not right
3. Sing, Vasya - right

The point is that a space should be placed after punctuation marks, but not before.

An en dash or a minus sign places spaces in arithmetic expressions; spaces are not placed before and after the minus; an en dash, spaces are placed before and after a dash.

When typing text, avoid two or more spaces between words.

To indent paragraphs, use the Tab key.

To center text, you cannot use spaces; you can do this using the align button.

To go to new line You need to keep in mind that usually the text automatically moves to a new line. To force a new line, use the Shift + Enter key.

If we simply press Enter, we go to the beginning of a new paragraph.

Let's consider the process text editing.

Text editing refers to changes in the content of a document. This includes replacing words with their synonyms.

Correction of syntactic spelling errors.

Deleting, copying and pasting test fragments.

Formatting text it means change appearance document and its individual parts. Formatting operations include paragraph alignment and font formatting.

Text information Text as a form of information presentation Text documents The computer is the main tool for preparing texts Entering text Editing text Formatting text

Keywords Text document Text editor Text entry rules Editing Formatting

Text as a form of presenting information! Text is any verbal statement printed, written or spoken. Information presented in the form of written text is called textual information.

Amazing fact Omitting, replacing or rearranging at least one character in the text sometimes changes its meaning:

Text documents A document is any text created using a text editor, along with non-text materials included in it. Text document Article Invitation Announcement Report Story Poem

Objects of a text document The main objects of a text document are: q symbol q word q line q paragraph qpage q fragment

Stages of document preparation Preparing a document on a computer consists of several stages: entering (typing) text, editing, formatting and printing.

Entering text When entering text, adhere to the following rules: 1. Where necessary, use capital letters. 2. Place all punctuation marks, except dashes, immediately after the last letter of the word; After any punctuation mark, press Spacebar. Emphasize dashes with spaces on both sides. 3. Avoid entering two or more spaces in a row; Don't use white space to line paragraph boundaries. 4. Don't watch the end of the line: once it is reached, the cursor will automatically move to the beginning of the next line. 5. To proceed to entering a new paragraph, press the Enter key.

Text editing Editing is the next stage of document preparation, which begins after entering information, as a result of which the document is checked for its correctness and detected errors are corrected, as well as necessary changes are made. Basic Editing Operations

Text formatting Formatting is one of the stages of document preparation, during which various operations are performed to design the document. Formatting Operations

Printing a document Printer Matrix Inkjet Laser To output a document onto paper, a printing device – a printer – is connected to the computer.

Most importantly Text is any verbal statement, printed, written or existing in oral form. Information presented in the form of written text is called textual information. Special programs - text editors - are designed for processing text information. Any text created using a word processor, along with the non-text materials included in it, is called a document. Preparing a document on a computer consists of steps such as input (typing), editing and formatting.

Questions and assignments? 2. Specify elimination algorithms following errors. Extra symbol 1. Place the cursor at the place where the symbol was inserted. 2. Press the key with the desired symbol. Missing character 1. Place the cursor behind the erroneous character. 2. Press the Back key. Space. 3. Press the key with the correct symbol. Invalid character 1. Place the cursor in front of the extra character. 2. Press the Delete key.

Any computer has special programs installed for creating texts - text editors. The computer is the main tool for preparing texts WordPad main menu button Title bar Toolbars Ruler Scroll bars Work area Status bar

When entering text, adhere to the following rules: Entering text 1.Where necessary, use capital letters. 2. Place all punctuation marks, except dashes, immediately after the last letter of the word; After any punctuation mark, press Spacebar. Emphasize dashes with spaces on both sides. 3. Avoid entering two or more spaces in a row; Don't use white space to line paragraph boundaries. 4. Don't watch the end of the line: once it is reached, the cursor will automatically move to the beginning of the next line. 5. To proceed to entering a new paragraph, press the Enter key. 1.Where necessary, use capital letters. 2. Place all punctuation marks, except dashes, immediately after the last letter of the word; After any punctuation mark, press Spacebar. Emphasize dashes with spaces on both sides. 3. Avoid entering two or more spaces in a row; Don't use white space to line paragraph boundaries. 4. Don't watch the end of the line: once it is reached, the cursor will automatically move to the beginning of the next line. 5. To proceed to entering a new paragraph, press the Enter key.

Editing is the next stage of document preparation, which begins after entering information, as a result of which the document is checked for its correctness and detected errors are corrected, as well as necessary changes are made. Editing Text Basic Editing Operations

When editing, it is important to be able to navigate throughout the document, moving the cursor to any character. There are special keys or key combinations for this purpose. Editing text a) Let's remember the purpose of the keys for moving the cursor: b) Let's remember the purpose of key combinations: + - to the word to the right; + - one word to the left; + - page up; + - page down; + - to the beginning of the text; + - to the end of the text.

Paragraph alignment This text is aligned left (aligned to the left). In this case, the left border of the paragraph forms a straight line. This text is center aligned. In this case, on both sides of each line the width of the free space is the same. This text is aligned to the right (aligned to the right). In this case, the right border of the paragraph forms a straight line.

Most importantly Text is any verbal statement, printed, written or existing in oral form. Information presented in the form of written text is called textual information. Special text editor programs are designed for processing text information. Any text created using a word processor, along with the non-text materials included in it, is called a document. Preparing a document on a computer consists of steps such as input (typing), editing and formatting.

Questions and tasks 1. Transform one word into another, replacing one letter each time so that the new word is a noun in the nominative case, using hints. ?? CARP GOAT a) 1. Punishment 2. Arboreal b) 1. Evaluation 2. Pet Ox WHALE

Questions and tasks 2. Specify algorithms for eliminating the following errors. ?? Extra character Missing character Invalid character 1. Place the cursor where the character was inserted. 2. Press the key with the desired symbol. 1. Place the cursor at the place where the symbol will be inserted. 2. Press the key with the desired symbol. 1. Place the cursor behind the erroneous character. 2. Press the BackSpace key. 3. Press the key with the correct symbol. 1. Place the cursor behind the erroneous character. 2. Press the BackSpace key. 3. Press the key with the correct symbol. 1. Place the cursor in front of the extra character. 2. Press the Delete key. 1. Place the cursor in front of the extra character. 2. Press the Delete key.

Each letter is assigned a numerical number. For example, the letter “A” has the number 1, and the letter “B” has the number 2. It must be said that capital and capital letters have different numbers. Including, the Russian alphabet and Latin have their own encoding. In order for different computers to understand each other, scientists have developed a unified standard for representing letters with numbers and called it “Character Encoding” “KOI” (Fig. 1.1.1).

Fig.1.1.1. Character encoding

By turning letters into numbers, the computer turns the numbers into signals, and writes them into bits, from which bytes are assembled:

A - 192- 11000000

B - 193 - 11000001

B - 194- 11000010

G- 195- 11000011

Graphic information

Computers can work with graphic information. These can be drawings or photographs. In order for the picture to be stored and processed in a computer, it is turned into signals. This transformation is called digitization(Fig. 1.1 .2).

To digitize graphic information, use special digital cameras or special devices - scanners.

Fig.1.1.2 Example of digitizing a drawing

A digital camera works like a regular camera, only the image does not end up on film, but is “remembered” in the electronic memory of such a “camera”. Then such a device is connected to a computer and signals are transmitted through the wire, which encrypt the image.

If a picture is made on paper, then scanners are used to turn it into signals. The picture is placed in the scanner. The scanner looks at each point of this picture and transmits to the computer the numbers (bytes) that encode the color of each point. For example:

Black dot: 0, 0, 0;

White point: 255, 255, 255;

Brown dot: 153, 102, 51;

Light gray dot: 160, 160, 160;

Dark gray dot: 80, 80, 80.

Each color has its own code (it is called a color code).

If each color is transmitted in three bytes, then more than 16 million colors can be encrypted. This is much more than the human eye can discern, but for a computer this is not the limit.

Audio information

Sound, music and human speech enter the computer in the form of signals and are also digitized (Fig. 1.1.3. Fig. 1.1.4.), that is, turned into numbers, and then into bytes and bits. The computer stores them, processes them and can reproduce them (play music or speak a word).

In order to enter audio information into a computer, a microphone is connected to it or connected to other electronic music devices, for example, a tape recorder or player. If the computer has a special sound card, then it can process audio information and reproduce human speech, music and sounds.

Video information

Modern computers can work with video information. They can record and playback videos, cartoons and movies. Like all other types of information, video information is also converted into signals and recorded in the form of bits and bytes. This happens in exactly the same way as with pictures - the only difference is that there are a lot of such “pictures” that need to be processed.

Films are made up of frames. Each frame is like a separate picture. In order for the image on the screen to look “alive” and move, the frames must replace each other at high speed - 25 frames per second. If the computer is powerful and fast, then it can process a new picture in its memory 25 times per second and display it on the screen.

The computer receives signals for recording video images from the video camera. Like all other types of information, it converts these signals into bits and bytes and stores them in its memory.

The video image is displayed on the screen computer monitor. In this case, sound can be output along with the image.