| POSTAL SERVICES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

Although the word "post" appeared in ancient Rome only at the turn of our era, for convenience it is customary to call the various communication services that existed earlier. The same applies to such terms as "postmaster", "mailing" and others.

Mail in the land of the pyramids. It is known that already under the pharaohs of the IV dynasty (2900 - 2700 BC) in Egypt there was a post office with foot (walkers) and horse messengers plying along military roads to Libya, Abyssinia, and Arabia. The local population was obliged to provide the messengers with a post. Pharaohs in the form of special privileges exempted individual cities from this obligation. Information about this is found in ancient papyri. For example, Pharaoh Piopi (Lepi) II from the VI dynasty, which ruled the Old Kingdom in 2500-2400. BC e., granted privileges to the cities of Copt and Dashur: "It was commanded by my Majesty that for the sake of King Sneferu this city was freed from all kinds of work and duties imposed in favor of the royal house and court ... so that all tenants of this city were free couriers traveling by water or land, up or down, for eternity ... "

The service of the royal messengers was difficult and dangerous. According to the customs of that time, a messenger who brought bad news could be executed by an angry ruler. A story about the dangers and hardships of such a service was preserved in the scientist's diary dating back to the XII Dynasty (2000 - 1788 BC): “When a messenger goes to a foreign country, he bequeaths his property to his children out of fear of lions and Asians And if he returned to Egypt, as soon as he reached the garden, as soon as he reached his home in the evening, how soon he must get ready to go again. " The author bequeathed to his son: "Become whoever you want, but not a messenger."

Letters were most often written on papyrus, rolled into a tube, tied with string, and sealed with a clay seal.

The Egyptian fellahs in Tel el-Amarna, where Akheta-ton, the capital of the Egyptian king Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (1419 - 1400 BC), found his archive of foreign affairs in 1887. Several hundred clay tablets, written in Babylonian cuneiform, were the correspondence of the pharaoh with the kings of the Babylonian, Hittite, Mitannian and Assyrian states, as well as reports to the Egyptian king from the princes of Syrian and Phoenician cities subordinate to him.

20 years later, in 1906, not far from Ankara, near the village of Bogazkei, the expedition of Professor G. Winkler excavated the Hittite capital Hattusas and found another huge archive (about 15 thousand clay tablets). Among the various documents, many letters were kept here in Hittite, Akkadian and other languages. The letters belonged mainly to the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e.

Among them was found the famous letter of the widow of the early deceased Pharaoh Tutankhamun to the Hittite king Suppilulium. “My husband has died, I have no son,” she wrote. “And they say you have many sons. If you give me one of them, he will be my husband. and read it? "

On the roads of the vast kingdom of the Achaemenids. The most perfect postal system for his time began to be created by the Persian king Cyrus II the Great (? -530 BC); it reached its highest level under Darius I (522 - 486 BC). In order to more firmly keep in subjection numerous peoples on a vast territory, it was necessary to have a powerful and developed network of roads. The Persian roads not only had much in common with the Assyrian military roads, but surpassed them, they can be called the predecessors of the Roman roads. One of the main roads - the royal one - went from Sardis on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor through Armenia and Assyria to the south of Mesopotamia to Susa. Two other roads branched off from it: one to Tire and Sidon, the other to the borders of Bactria and India. There were many other roads as well.

Greek historians Herodotus (484 -425 BC) and Xenophon (430 - 355 BC) admired the state of the roads and the clarity of the organization of the courier service. Herodotus, who traveled in the middle of the 5th century. BC e. on the Persian state, noted that the roads gave him the opportunity to get to know the country in detail. Along the entire length of the royal road, there were royal hotels with beautiful living quarters. At various points, troops were stationed to ensure the safety of the movement of mail, travelers, merchants with goods. To cover the path from Sardis to Susa (about 2300 kilometers), our traveler, according to Herodotus, took about 90 days.

Tsar's mail was delivered much faster. The distance of 20 kilometers between the hotel stations was divided into parasangs (five kilometers), at the end of which there were pickets of couriers who were always ready to go. The mail was passed on according to the principle of a relay race: the rider, having received the mail, rushed at full speed to the neighboring picket, passed the package to another, who rushed further. Therefore, the state post covered a huge distance from end to end of the royal road in six to eight days, passing 111 stations.

The Greeks called this mail "Angareion", and messengers called "Angara". "The Persians so skillfully organized the transmission of messages," writes Herodotus, "that no one in the world can surpass their messengers... Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness will delay the messengers of King Darius, will not prevent them from rushing with the greatest speed the section of the journey allocated to him... Nothing in the world is executed as quickly as orders delivered by his couriers... " Herodotus is echoed by Xenophon, who writes about the messengers of Cyrus the Younger (? - 401 BC): "No one in the world can argue with them in speed, doves and cranes can hardly keep up with them."

The Persians first introduced a regularly operating postal service, which is now commonly called military fieldhowl mail. The army, which was making a campaign of conquest, was followed by a special service that maintained postal communication with the capital of the state. There is information that especially important and urgent military news and orders were transmitted from picket to picket by fire signals.

Under the sky of Hellas. The peculiarities of the political life of ancient Greece determined the originality of its postal relations. Numerous small states, city-states did not maintain regular mail between themselves - they simply did not need it. If there was a need to convey important news (for example, military), then they used sea vessels (to communicate with the islands and numerous colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas) or hemerodromes - "day messengers" (if necessary, they fled at night). For the transmission of news over close distances, grammophores ("letter carriers") were used. The service of those and others was considered responsible and honorable. For her, enduring and fast runners were selected, often Olympians - winners of the Olympic Games.

History has preserved information about Lasphenes, a hemerodrome from Thebes, overtaking swift horses at long distances. His friend Efhid accomplished a feat by sacrificing his life, like the famous marathon messenger. Efhid ran more than 200 kilometers to deliver the sacred fire from the Delphic temple, when the sacred fire in the temple on the Athenian Acropolis was extinguished through an oversight of the priestess. Efhid fled so quickly that, returning to Athens, he died of overwork. Another famous messenger, Philip, ran 225 kilometers in 24 hours to convey to the Lacedaemonians the request of the Athenians for military assistance against the invading Persians.

In ancient Rome. In the vast spaces of the ancient Roman state and the countries conquered by Rome, from the Middle East to Britain, an extensive communications system was created, operating according to clear regulations. The post office existed even during the times of the republic, but ordered by Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC), was improved during the reign of Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD), and reached its peak under the emperors of Nerva , Trajan, Hadrian (96 - 138 AD). Individual routes with a total length of about 100,000 kilometers were gradually merged into a single system. The postal service was named "kursus publicus" - public mail. In fairness, we note that this name did not quite correspond to the truth: only members of the imperial family, patricians, officials, legionnaires could use the mail. But over time, for a fee, the post office began to serve wider sections of Roman free citizens. At a distance of one day's journey, there were the main post stations - Mancio, where it was possible to change the carriage, charioteer, eat and spend the night. Between the two Mancios there were usually six to eight intermediate stations - mutazio, where horses were changed if necessary. The mail was delivered by both foot ambassadors (cursorius) and mounted messengers (veredarians). In addition to letters, passengers and cargo were transported. For this, carts of strictly defined types were used (Fig. 14, but)- from light two-wheeled, harnessed by horses, to heavy four-wheeled, which harnessed 8-10 horses, mules, donkeys or oxen. Everything was painted down to the smallest detail: the types of departures, and the carrying capacity of the carts, and the categories of passengers and employees, their content, etc.

We owe this communication system to the appearance of the word "mail". The stations had no special names. If it was necessary to indicate a station, then they wrote or said: "the station located at the point N" or "an intermediate station located at NN". From the word "posita" - "located" - arose over time the word "mail", which in the XIII century. entered into most European languages. Many researchers believe that the word "post" in medieval Europe was first used in Italian ("poeste") B 1298 in the famous book by Marco Polo "Travel

The oldest information about the post office belongs to Assyria and Babylon. Assyrians as early as the 3rd millennium BC. used what could be called the predecessor of the envelope. After firing, the tablets with the text of the letter were covered with a layer of clay, on which the recipient's address was written. Then the tablets were burned again. As a result of the release of water vapor during repeated firing, the letter plate and the envelope plate did not become a single piece. They broke the envelope and read the letter. Two such letters have reached contemporaries - they are kept together with envelopes in the Louvre.

4000 YEARS AGO UNKNOWN EGYPTIAN ARTIST ON ONE OF THE WALLS In the burial cave of Pharaoh Numhoten, he painted a warrior holding a scroll in one hand and an open letter-leaf in the other, which he gives to his boss. Thus, material evidence of the existence of the post office in those distant times has come down to us. Information about postal messages from other ancient peoples has reached us. A written message could be passed from one messenger to another without fear of distorting the message. Carrier pigeons were also used to transport letters.

During the time of Cyrus and Darius in Persia (558-486 BC), postal communication was excellent. At the stations of the Persian post, messengers and saddled horses were always ready. Mail was relayed by messengers from one to another.

The ancient Roman post, which played a huge role in the management of the huge Roman Empire, was also famous. In the most important centers of the empire, special stations were maintained, equipped with horse couriers. The Romans used to say Statio posita in ... ("The station is located in ..."). According to experts, it was from the abbreviation of these words that the word posta (Posta) appeared.

Documented information about the existence of mail in China dates back to antiquity. The state mail of China existed already during the Zhou dynasty (1027-249 BC). It had at its disposal both foot and horse messengers. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 BC) had already appointed postmaster generals.

In the Arab Caliphate, by 750, the entire state was covered with a network of roads along which messengers plyed - on foot and on horseback, camels and mules. They delivered public and private mail. The great importance of the postal service of the state is evidenced by the famous statement of the Caliph Mansur, who founded Baghdad (762). "My throne rests on four pillars, and my power rests on four people: this is an impeccable qadi (judge), an energetic police chief, an active finance minister and a wise postmaster who informs me about everything."

IN GREECE THE POSTAL SYSTEM WAS GOOD ENOUGH IN FORM land and sea postal communications, but it could not develop significantly due to the many warring city-states. Governments, as a rule, had at their disposal messengers on foot to transmit messages. They were called hemerodromes. Racers covered 55 stages (about 10 km) in an hour and 400-500 stages in one flight.

The most famous of these couriers was Philippides, who, according to Plutarch, in 490 BC. brought the news of the victory in the Battle of Marathon to Athens and died of exhaustion. This run was the first marathon in history. Filippides conveyed only an oral message. For the transmission of especially urgent messages, horse messengers were sent already in ancient times. As Diodorus writes, one of the commanders of Alexander the Great kept messengers at his headquarters - camel riders.

The states of the Incas in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico had regular mail even before 1500. The Inca and Aztec Post used only foot messengers. The fact is that horses were brought to South America by Europeans - conquerors only in the 16th century. The distance between neighboring stations did not exceed three kilometers. Therefore, it was quickly overcome by a messenger. The peculiarity of the mail of the Incas and Aztecs was that in addition to the mail, the messengers had to deliver fresh fish to the emperor's table. The fish was delivered from the coast to the capital within 48 hours (500 km). Rate the delivery speed. The modern post office is hardly faster, although it has cars, trains, and airplanes at its disposal. During the heyday of Maya culture, there was also a developed messenger service, but little is known about it.

Both in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the post served only to rulers and high officials. Other segments of the population did not use mail.

For ordinary people and international relations

Meanwhile, ordinary people also wanted to use mail for their own purposes. At first, their messages were transmitted privately through merchants, itinerant monks, and university mail messengers. The rapid development of crafts and trade in feudal Europe contributed to the organization of regular postal exchange between cities.

DOCUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE CONFIRMING THE PRESENCE OF URBAN RACE already in the fourteenth century. The most famous is the postal service of the Hanseatic League. Hansa - trade and political union of North German cities in the XIV-XVII centuries. With the entry of the Rhine Union into the Hansa, the first postal network arose, which, bypassing the borders of cities and small principalities, delivered mail throughout Germany. Further, through Nuremberg, the mail went to Italy and Venice, and through Leipzig - to Prague, Vienna and other cities. This is how international mail came into being.

The next notable achievement is the postal service of the noble family of Thurn-y-Taxis. The first mention of the Thurn y Taxis mail goes back to 1451, when Roger Taxis organized a courier line through Tyrol and Steiermark. Further, the descendants of the Taxis house make a fast-paced career in the postal department.

In 1501 Franz Taxis becomes postmaster general of the Netherlands. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century. Taxis postal service was built on the basis of feudal privileges to the Taxis house. The postal business became profitable, and the Taxis had competitors. First of all, this is the post office of cities. In 1615 another Taxis - Lamoral becomes the imperial postmaster general. By an imperial decree, this position was declared lifelong and hereditary for the Taxis clan. By the way, the Taxis added the prefix "Thurn" to their surname in 1650, having received it as a king's award. Lamoral Taxis, the new postmaster general, was forced to ask the emperor to issue a new decree against additional mails and additional lines served by messengers. All this marked the beginning of the struggle between the Thurn and Taxis post office and competitors, which lasted for centuries. The Taxis post survived and won. Accuracy, speed and honesty - this was the motto of the Thurn-y-Taxis mail, which was strictly observed in practice. For the first time, merchants and bankers, ordinary people and government officials could be sure that letters, documents, money would quickly reach the addressee, and they would soon receive a response.

In 1850 the Thurn y Taxis post joined the German-Austrian alliance. By that time, postage stamps had already been issued in many countries. The rules of the German-Austrian Postal Union provided for its members to issue postage stamps. That is why the first postage stamps of the Thurn-y-Taxis post were issued on January 1, 1852. In total, the post of Thurn and Taxis issued 54 postage stamps. This post has issued and stamped envelopes. The history of the Thurn-y-Taxis mail ends only in 1867, when Prussia acquired the rights to all the post offices of the Thurn-y-Taxis house.

Postman is a dangerous profession

In the seventeenth century. Sweden became a great power, and there was a need for regular communication with its possessions across the Baltic Sea. The first postmen were the royal couriers. Then the mail was delivered by the so-called postal peasants. They lived near the main roads, were exempted from various kinds of duties, for example, military, but were obliged to forward state mail.

USUALLY SENT A BATTRAK, WHICH RUNNED, PIPE INTO THE HORN, kilometers for 20-30 to a neighbor. Having handed over his mail and received another in exchange, he went home. If the letters were late, he was threatened with punishment. Correspondence was also delivered by sea, for example, by boat from Sweden to the Aland Islands and further to Finland and St. Petersburg. "Postal peasants" worked all year round regardless of the weather. The crossing was especially dangerous in spring and autumn, when they either dragged the boat across the ice, then set sails, then took up the oars. Many people died during the storm.

Russian post office is one of the oldest in Europe. The first mention of it in the annals dates back to the 10th century. In Kievan Rus there was a duty of the population with the name "povoz". This duty consisted in the need to provide horses for the prince's messengers and his servants.

However, a clear postal service in Russia appeared only under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The organizer of the "correct" postal chase in Russia was the head of the then Russian government, boyar Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1681). He is also the initiator of the creation of foreign mail in Russia (postal line Moscow - Vilnu).

In 1677, an international postal service began operating in Russia. The first lines of publicly available mail went beyond the borders of the Russian state to the "German" countries - this is how the Russian people called the lands where they spoke incomprehensible "dumb" languages. In addition to international mail, "German post" delivered merchant letters and government papers across Russia. Thanks to the "German Post", the postal service established correspondence exchange points and introduced rules to ensure the regularity of mail delivery.

The prototype of the mailbox we are accustomed to was the Florentine tambours - publicly available boxes that were installed near the walls of churches and cathedrals, the first mailbox was installed in the 17th century. in France.

Based on materials livejournal prepared by Zara GEVORKYAN

Interestingly, the terminology of the hospitality industry owes a lot to the Romans. And here they also contributed to the development of many civilizations. The word hospitality comes from the Latin hospitium. The same root words are host (owner), hospice (shelter), hotel (hotel, hotel). Hospiters - this is how people were called in antiquity, together with their family, who received guests in their home. The foreign state entered into an alliance with the hospiters for mutual assistance, friendship and protection.

After the introduction of a regular state postal service (during the reign of Emperor Octavian from 63 BC), state inns also appeared. The state arranged courtyards in cities and on main roads, along which couriers and civil servants passed from Rome up to Asia Minor or to Gaul L.V. Batalova. From the history of tourism development, Sat. scientific articles. Issue Izhevsk, 1999, - 148 p ..

State inns were created, distant from each other at a distance of one day of horse riding. As the conquest of new territories and the expansion of the Roman Empire, its customs, economic and organizational structures also spread to new provinces and conquered countries. The fact of the special interest of the state testifies to how seriously the reliability of an institution that provided travelers with shelter, food and lodging for the night was considered in ancient times. So, in the code of Roman laws, the responsibility of such an institution for the guest's belongings was provided. It was then that it became possible to safely spend the night in an inn. Even today, the legislation of a number of states regulates this issue, based on the above provisions of Roman civil law. After all, guest protection in all countries is one of the main goals of the hotel industry.

Merchants, traders and other guests from the common people could never be settled next to government officials and government messengers. This circumstance influenced the quality of the inns. Those in which representatives of the aristocracy and government officials stayed were built according to all the rules of architectural art and offered a wide range of services for those times. Subsequently, Marco Polo said that at such inns and "the king is not ashamed to stay" "Polo Marco. Book by Marco Polo. M .: Geografgiz, 1956 ..

Taverns and inns, intended to serve the lower class citizens, offered minimal accommodation and recreation. For example, very often travelers simply slept on straw, and in order not to freeze in the cold season, they clung to the warm side of their horse. There was no question of any additional comfort. The organization of the hotel business in the Roman Empire was based on a certain classification of hotels developed by the state authorities. There were two types of hotels: only for patricians (mansiones), the other for plebeians (stabularia).

The Roman hotel was a certain complex of premises of a fairly wide functional purpose: these are not only rooms for accommodating travelers, but also storage facilities, stables, shops, workshops, etc. Hotels, as a rule, were built of stone and had the necessary list of services. In winter they were heated. Some hotels were served only by officials according to special documents issued by state authorities. This tradition has survived to this day in the form of special rooms for VIPs at airports, train stations and other places where tourists stay.

With the improvement of the functioning of the postal service in the second half of the 4th century, when for a long time it combined the needs for transport and sending messages, visiting yards were set up along the roads. They were called "Mansio" and "Station". The first of these terms meant a courtyard, in which there were conditions for the placement of the imperial retinue, the second - a traffic police post.

Later, the alignment of these inns took place. Between the mancio and the station, there were inns of lesser importance, or mutazio (places for changing the horse's harness), in which the most urgent needs of travelers could be satisfied: to eat something, spend the night, replace riding or pack animals.

The distance between the two Mancios depended on the nature of the terrain, but on average it was 40--55 km. Between the two Mancios there could be one or two smaller courtyards, and this already depended not only on the area, but also on its population.

Such inns differed from each other in the volume and quality of their service, ranging from the praetorium, in which it was possible to receive the imperial retinue, to modest institutions. A fully equipped inn could offer almost everything a traveler needed. Here it was possible to eat, spend the night, change mounts (there were up to forty horses and mules in the stables of large visiting yards), carts, charioteers, find servants, people who returned draft animals to the previous station, veterinarians, coachmen and chariots fixing damaged carriages. Kotler F., Bowen J., Makenz J. Marketing. Hospitality and Tourism / Per. from English - M .: UNITI, 1998 ..

Inns and inns and post stations were not built specifically for these purposes, they served not only specially for the following travelers, although they certainly had the primacy of service. The mail, in spite of the fact that it served mainly the central government, was maintained by local residents. The emperors simply chose the already existing inns of the quality needed for the service and included them in the system, demanding a free overnight stay for each diploma holder.

Only in remote areas, such as on passes or on secluded roads, the imperial power was forced to build everything from the very foundation. In such places, all travelers, individuals, as well as representatives of official authorities were accepted for the night in order to compensate for the costs. Carts, animals, charioteers, grooms - everyone was attracted to serve there from the local area, if possible. From that time on, people began to appear who worked precisely in inns. Inns, especially on the main roads, were competently built by the Romans and were quite convenient for their time.

Over time, the maintenance of the inn became burdensome for its manager, since with the development of society and civilization, the requirements for it constantly increased. They were presented not only by those who had the right to use the visiting courtyard by law, but also those from among the officials deprived of conscience who arbitrarily confiscated horses and carriages or brazenly brought with them to the visiting courtyards people who did not have the right to free service. Special inspectors (curiosi, courseus, publicity) checked the eligibility of using the diplomas after their expiration date, driving on the wrong route, which was supposed to be followed by the person who presented the document, using the wrong type of riding animals used by the passers-by.

One by one, the emperors enacted stringent laws to end abuse and keep the service at the coaching grounds at an appropriate level.

There were regulations regarding the number of carts and animals that could be used by officials, which determined the maximum allowed cargo, the number of drivers, travel routes, the weight of saddles and packs, even the size and type of whips. One prescription stated that "no one will reward a single driver, charioteer or veterinarian serving in a public institution, because they receive food and clothing that is sufficient for them." In other words, it was forbidden to tip these employees. Orders not to be given were rarely followed, and all indications are that these orders were not being properly followed.

Every person using the post had to know exactly where the various inns were located. There were itineraria available to travelers, which listed the courtyards along a given road and the distance between them.

There were also conditionally made schematic maps, from which it was possible to find out not only where the inn was located, but also what they could offer on it. A copy of one such map made in the Middle Ages, the so-called Peutinger's table, reached the Renaissance period. It was drawn on a long sheet of parchment 33 cm wide and 6.7 cm long. It is extremely inaccurate in cartographic terms, but it represents the roads of the entire Roman Empire in such a way that it can be easily read. It contains information similar to that which can be found on a modern road map: lines indicating roads, names of cities and large villages and other places where you can stop; numbers indicating the distance between them in Roman miles. It is interesting to note that about many of the names there are small colored drawings - symbols. They served the same purpose as symbols surprisingly similar to them in modern guidebooks. They had to indicate at a glance what are the possibilities to spend the next night while following this road Shapoval GD History of tourism. Minsk., IP, "Enoperspectiva" -1999, - 216 p.

The names, without accompanying drawings, denoted the simplest courtyard, which could represent little more than water, a roof over your head, food and a fresh change of riding or riding animals.

For example, a traveler, leaving Rome along the Aurelian road leading north along the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, could learn from a map diagram that the first suitable place to stay would be Alcyum, eighteen Roman miles from the capital, with a minimum of amenities (there was no picture in the name), from there it was ten miles to Pyrgi with a minimum of amenities, then there were six miles to Punik, where there were also few amenities, but from there it was a stone's throw to the Aqua Apollinarski with a first-class hotel (indicated by a quadrangular building), from there it was four miles to Aqua Tavri with the same amenities, as in the Aqua of Apollinar, etc.

Government messengers hurried from station to station at an average speed of five miles an hour, or, during a normal day of travel, traveled fifty Roman miles. So, news from Rome reached Brundisium in seven days, before Byzantium - about 25 days, to Antioch - about 40 days, to Alexandria - about 55 days. In exceptional cases, traveling day and night, messengers could triple this speed. When in 69 A.D. e. in Mogunti-ack over the Rhine (now Mainz, Germany) the legions mutinied, news of this reached Rome within 8-9 days. A messenger on such occasions traveled an average of 150 Roman miles per day. The traveler, who was given government orders, relied on the conveniences of the public post and had few worries. He presented his diploma at a nearby inn and received the appropriate means of transportation, looked at his list of stations or a map diagram in search of appropriate places to stay on his way, ate there, spent the night, changed the team and crew until he arrived at the destination. Officially, private travelers were not allowed to use the mail, but since human nature is what it is, exceptions were inevitable.

Those who traveled privately and could not legally or illegally use government mail had the opportunity to find lodging in the courtyards and shelters, since in many provinces they were the only, and in some areas the best, courtyards. Moreover, if he did not travel in a carriage with his own team, he could hire one, which was quite accessible to those who were going to travel not on foot, but with the help of vehicles. If on an open road he reached the post office immediately after official group, which requisitioned everything that was at the disposal of this station, he had no choice but to wait. In any case, he moved more slowly than the government messenger.

Already in the III century. BC. the builders of Rome erected tall tenement buildings - insulas - to accommodate the city's growing population and visitors. These were three-, four-, and sometimes five-storey buildings with a wooden frame. In Rome, the insula were inhabited by both the poor and the middle class of the townspeople; rich people lived in mansions. In such a multi-storey building, individual rooms or entire floors were rented out. In the Roman port of Ostia, where the lack of space was especially acute, everyone lived in the multi-storey insuls (the remains of a number of not only well-equipped but also insula decorated with frescoes and reliefs have survived). In other cities, where there was enough space for building (such as Pompeii), insul was not erected at all, houses with a garden or mansions were built. Hundreds of cities in Rome had aqueducts - aqueducts that supply water to the city. As a rule, aqueducts were monumental structures on arched supports. The longest aqueduct - 132 km - was built under the Emperor Hadrian in Carthage. At the same time, there are houses - lupanaria (brothels) Shapoval GD History of tourism. Minsk., IP, "Enoperspektiva" -1999, - 216 p ..

Some wealthy landowners also built inns on the borders of their estates. They were usually run by slaves specializing in housekeeping. Those inns and taverns, which were located closer to the cities, were more often visited by wealthy citizens, and therefore they were supported by freedmen or retired gladiators who decided to invest their savings in the "restaurant business". Innkeepers in those days were deprived of many civil rights, including the right to serve in the army, bring proceedings against anyone in court, take the oath and act as guardians of other people's children. In other words, the moral foundations of every person involved in this business were automatically questioned.

22.12.2015

The history of courier mail delivery dates back to ancient times. Then the person involved in delivery was called a messenger, a messenger, a messenger. He delivered important mail and used horses for fast delivery. And before that, couriers did go on foot. Their work was associated with many difficulties and risks. During his service, the courier managed to visit even foreign lands.

Courier service in Russia

Courier service as an organized state service appeared in the tenth century. The princely messengers in different cities and villages were provided with horses and carts. That is why the courier service was called "wagon". The documents delivered by the messenger looked like an envelope or rolled up scroll, sealed with sealing wax with the seal of the prince. Since the thirteenth century, the Yamskaya chase has been used to send messages. It lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century. To organize the work of the Yamskaya chase, the Yamskaya Prikaz state service was created. Since that time, there has been an active development of the postal system. Routes to neighboring states were quickly established, and later to other cities important for economic and political relations.

Hello dear readers of the site Sprint Answer... Today we will review the game, as well as provide the correct answers in the game. "Who want to be a millionaire?" for May 13, 2017 (13.05.2017).

The host is in the studio as usual Dmitry Dibrov... And also the participants of the TV game are sitting at the gaming table: Alexey Lysenkov and Vladimir Markin... The players chose a fireproof amount of 200,000 rubles. So let's start short review games.

1. What is the name of a person who performs small, simple assignments?

• uncle on a walker
• aunt on sliders
• girl on the fly
• errand boy

2.What did the Soviet pioneer have to answer to the call "Be ready!"

• "Always ready!"
• "To graze the cows"
• "Who are you?"
• "Ivan Petrov"

3. Where is the heroine of the song performed by Lyubov Uspenskaya going to sit?

• on a bike
• into a convertible
• into the clunker
• into the starship

4.What can you earn in many games?

• glasses
• pince-nez
• monocles

5. Who sang ditties in the cartoon "The Flying Ship"?

• aquatic
• Koschei
• goblin
• Grandmas-hedgehogs

The players took the first clue "Hall Help" in the fifth question.

6. What predator lives high in the mountains?

• Snow Leopard
• cheetah
• manul

7.What, besides horsepower, is the power of a car measured?

• in joules
• in newtons
• in kilowatts
• in lumens

8. What nickname did Sir Lancelot, Knight of the Round Table, have?

• Ozerny
• River
• Nautical
• Ocean

9. Which song of the bard Sergei Nikitin was recorded by Paul Mauriat's orchestra?

• "Brich Mulla"
• "To the music of Vivaldi"
• "Alexandra"
• "Dialogue at the New Year tree"

10. What adorned the hats of the postal couriers of Ancient Rome?

• lightning
• wheel
• wings

The players took the "margin of error" clue in the tenth question.

11.Which artist's house is one of the most famous museums in Amsterdam?

• Bruegel
• Rembrandt
• Vermeer
• Bosch

The players took the hint "Call a friend" and "50:50" when answering the eleventh question, unfortunately the players still answered incorrectly. The winnings are 0 rubles.

The place of the players in the studio is taken by the grandfather and granddaughter: Vsevolod Shilovsky and his granddaughter Aglaya. The second part of the game begins "Who want to be a millionaire?" dated May 13, 2017... The players chose a non-combustible sum of 100,000 rubles.

1. What are the organisms of animals and plants made of?

• from aviaries
• from the corrals
• from cells
• from aquariums

2. How did Ershov describe the Little Humpbacked Horse: "On the back with two humps and ..."?

• with square eyes
• with arshin ears
• with branchy horns
• with strict legs

3. What is used in acupuncture?

• threads
• needles
• pins
• buttons

4.Which Shakespeare play was the basis for Kiss Me Kat?

• "The Taming of the Shrew"
• "As You Like It"
• "A dream in a summer night"
• "Storm"

5.What do koalas eat?

• bamboo
• cacti
• cane
• eucalyptus leaves

6. What country's martial arts are known as wushu?

• China
• Korea
• Japan
• Indonesia

7. From which poem by Pushkin did Vladimir Motyl take the title for his film "The Star of Captivating Happiness"?

• "Monument"
• "To Chaadaev"
• "Winter morning"
• "I loved you"

When answering the seventh question, the players took the hint "Hall Help".

8. What letter does the rugby goal resemble?

9. What musical instrument is depicted on the coat of arms of Ireland?

• harp
• the flute
• violin
• bagpipes

When answering the ninth question, the players used the prompt "50:50".