Any user of a computer system, one way or another, came across the concept of an executable program file. And not always (although very often) executable files have the EXE extension common for Windows systems. To understand the issue of extensions, let's look at general information about such objects and some of their main types.
Differences between executable files and other objects
Before claiming that an executable file of a program has an extension of only one specific type, you should figure out how to distinguish such an object from others.
In fact, among the main differences between executable files and other information data, there are several main ones:
- the extension itself, indicating the content in the file of either the machine or bytecode of the virtual machine;
- signature (content in the form of unique byte sequences);
- attributes in the file system (execute, etc.).
Unfortunately, even if you know that executable files have a name extension, for example, EXE, you will not be able to view the contents by conventional means, since such objects have compiled content that, when viewed, is displayed as a meaningless set of characters. At best, you will have to use Disassembler or something else that allows you to decompile. But now is not about that.
Executable file structure
As for the construction of files of this type, as a rule, they contain headers (intended execution of instructions, parameters, code formats), instructions themselves (machine, source or bytecodes).
Sometimes the structure can include descriptions of the environment, data for debugging, OS requirements, lists of related libraries, images, sound, graphics, shortcut icons, etc. By the way, many probably noticed that most of them in every operating system This file has an icon initially (provided that it should work in it from the start).
Principle of operation
Actually, despite the fact that executable files have different types of extensions, they work in a similar way.
When launched, the executable file is loaded into the computer's memory. In this case, the environment is initialized and configured, additional libraries are "pulled in", if the use of such is provided by the program, some additional operations are configured and the instructions are executed by the methods specified in the file.
What extension do executable files of programs have?
Now we come directly to the issue of extensions. It goes without saying that absolutely everything will not work (it will take too much time). On the other hand, the most popular and the most common ones can be noted.
So, depending on the content type, the extension is set. For example, in Windows, the most common executable files have the EXE extension. This applies to all programs designed to run on these operating systems. Such objects contain BIN files very similar (also containing such codes).
Another type of executable files are batch objects like CMD, BAT and COM, with the first type being Windows and the second and third being DOS systems.
Probably, many have met both MSI and MSU files. It can be either a "native" Windows installer or an installer for system updates.
Among other things, scripts and macros (VB, VBS, VBE, SCR, JS, JSE) make up a separate category. There are also often found files like JAR and JAD, designed to install applications on mobile gadgets or use in a JAVA environment. All such objects in their content no longer have machine codes, but codes of virtual machines.
What extension do executables have on different systems?
If you look closely, you will notice that some systems have quite specific components. For example, Windows has a special category of executable components (PS1 for PowerShell executable, PIF for application information, WSF for script file, etc.).
In general, you can find both standard and special components in any system. However, there are some common formats (for example, HTA - an executable HTML document) that work everywhere and regardless of the operating system used.
As for other systems, for example, in macs, executable files have the APP extension if they are programs, and PKG if they are a distribution kit.
But with Linux systems, the situation is somewhat different. The fact is that in them the concept of expansion is absent as such. An executable file can only be recognized by its attributes (hidden, read-only, system, etc.). Thus, even the problem of changing extensions in order to run or read the desired file is eliminated.
However, in any system, or even in mobile gadgets, you can find a huge number of objects of this type. You don't have to go far. In the same Android OS, the installer executable file has the APK extension, and in Apple devices, these are IPA files.
Conclusion
That is, in a nutshell, everything related to extensions of executable files. Of course, in this case, the emphasis was mainly on objects present in Windows systems, and the rest were touched upon in passing and, so to speak, for general development. And, as it is already clear, the variety of objects of the executable type is so great that it is simply not possible to bring some kind of pivot table indicating absolutely all extensions, so we limited ourselves to the most common formats.
Experienced PC users can confidently say what a particular file is - a picture, music, program. It is not difficult if you know about such a concept as file extension. Using this knowledge is the most common way to determine the type of data that was saved in the file, and additional opportunity protect yourself from viruses. At its core, an extension is a series of characters appended to a file name that are used to identify its format.
In OS Windows the display of file extensions is disabled by default. Of course, this eliminates the need to view some unnecessary information, but at the same time, many users are guided only by the file name, they open everything without thinking about the possible danger. You can enable the display of extensions in the Control Panel. To do this, go to the "Folder Options" and uncheck the "View" tab next to the corresponding line.
The best protection for your computer is a good anti-virus program. Nevertheless, even the highest quality antivirus can make a mistake or simply fail to add the virus to its filters. Therefore, in addition to special programs, for the safety of the computer, you must also use your own knowledge. For example, if you received an email with a file from a stranger, be sure to check the extension before opening it. If it is not on the safe list, it must be checked with an antivirus program. Dangerous file types can contain viruses or spyware that can harm both your computer's programs and important information stored on it. The most dangerous extensions are .exe- program files and macros. Of course, if the expected letter was sent to you by e-mail, then there is nothing to be afraid of. But when you receive a letter from an unreliable source, it is better to play it safe and first check the file for viruses.
In order to protect your computer from viruses, you need to know exactly what this or that extension is. The programs use formats such as:
.exe | A software extension that is used by most Windows applications.
.com | program format for MS-DOS;
.application | file type for installing applications that supports ClickOnce technology;
.msi | type of file that starts installing programs on the computer;
.msp | updates already installed applications.
.gadget | services that appear on the desktop in Windows 7 and Vista;
.scr | extension for screensaver files;
.hta | web application files;
.msc | Microsoft Management Console file extension;
.cpl | format of all control panel items;
.jar | is executable code for the Java environment.
Scripts
Script files are also executable files, but their difference is that they are not launched independently, but by some program or service. The most dangerous scripts are files with the extension .cmd, .vbs and .bat... For example, even without special software, using a regular notepad, you can write a script with the .bat extension, which will connect to the ftp server at startup, download and launch a virus, while bypassing the protection of some antivirus programs.
Script files include extensions such as:
Extension | Description
.lnk | file that launches the program. It may contain dangerous command line attributes;
.inf | is a text file that is designed to run files from external media, such as disks or flash drives;
.scf | is the file extension Windows Explorer which may contain potentially dangerous commands.
.pif | contains a link to a DOS program. There is no executable code in it, however, it can be dangerous.
.url, .website | internet shortcuts. There is no executable code. But their launch can provoke the opening of a page with malicious code in the browser.
Additionally
In addition, you should carefully consider formats such as .dotm, .docm, .xlsm, .xlam, .xltm, ppsm, .ppam, .sldm, .potm and .pptm... The presence of the letter "m" at the end indicates that the document contains macros. You should also be careful with the extension of Windows registry files - .reg, so as not to lose important information, which is in it, and do not add dangerous data there.
To formats of seemingly safe files such as .txt(text files) as well .jpg, .png and .gif(image files), you should be careful though. Some viruses use double extension files to make malicious formats appear safe. For example, if you received a letter with the file foto.jpg.exe on your e-mail, then when you open it, the operating system will select the extension located to the right. This will open the .exe file, which is an executable program that can infect your computer with a virus. Remember that legal files rarely have a double extension, so it is better not to open or load data in such formats.
This information is very important, as it will help protect your computer from being infected with viruses, and you from unnecessary problems!
So, in today's lesson, you will learn what are file extensions, and how you can change this very extension. The most observant or more experienced computer users have probably already noticed that any file of the Windows operating system has its own name, which consists of 2 parts: the name itself, which is displayed, in fact, under the file itself and the extension, separated from the name by a dot. Here simple circuit filename with extension:
filename.extension
The extension is needed so that the OS can determine what type the file belongs to and what program it should open.
Here are the most common examples of extensions in any version of the operating system from the Windows series:
gif; .jpg; .bmp; .png- common graphic file formats
.mpg; .avi; .vob- video files (video)
.flv Is a popular Flash format. Video files in this format "weigh" much less than video in AVI or MPG formats, which is why they are widely used to watch videos directly on sites.
.pdf- Adobe Reader document. It is used to create e-books and all kinds of manuals for various equipment and software, which are attached on a separate CD with the product.
.exe- an executable file used in Windows to directly launch the program itself. When you double-click on a file with the same extension, the program to which this "exe-shnik" belongs will start.
.zip; .rar- the format of the popular archivers WinZIP and WinRAR.
/; .htm- format of web pages. You can try to save any web page on the Internet to your computer, as a rule, it will have one of the above extensions.
.sys; .dll- system and service files required for the operation of the OS and installed applications. Deleting such files can damage Windows and crash it completely. If you are 100% unsure of what you are doing, never delete such files.
It is thanks to the extension that Windows determines what information a particular file contains. Have you noticed that when you open a file, a program specially designed to open it is launched first, which then launches the file. This is possible thanks to file extensions.
How to change the file extension and how to see it?
To display file extensions, do the following:
File extensions in Windows
Go to "My Computer => Tools => Folder Options => View" and uncheck "Hide extensions for registered file types" (in other versions of Windows other than Windows XP, the settings may differ slightly). After unchecking the checkbox, do not forget to click OK. The extensions will now be visible.
Also, to find out the type of file, just move the mouse cursor to it in Windows Explorer, after which you can see all the necessary information in the tooltip.
If you suddenly need it, you can change the file extension using the Total Commander program, which you can easily find and download using the Yandex search engine.
This concludes our lesson, you can ask your questions in the comments below, as soon as possible we will try to answer them.
File name extension is a sequence of characters that allows you to determine the format of the file. Windows file extensions are separated from the file name by a period. For example, the full name of a text document will be filename.doc, and a music track will be filename.mp3. You can bind to files of a certain extension default programs. If you specify once in the file properties that a file with this extension should be opened by a specific program, the operating system will open all files with this extension with the specified program.
For example, you want all mp3 music files to open with a specific player. Find any file with the mp3 extension in the list of files and right-click on it. In the context menu that appears, select the "Properties" item. At the top of the dialog box that appears, you will have two lines: "file type" (there you can see the file extension again) and "application" (shows the current default application for all files with this extension). In the line "application" there will be a button "Change ..." This is what you need! When you click on it, the OS will prompt you to select a program to open this file type from the list of installed programs. After selecting the desired program, do not forget to check the box next to the phrase "Use the selected program for all files of this type" and click OK.
What kind most common file extensions in Windows? For example, exe is executable files, for example, program installers, rar and zip - archives. E-books differ in pdf, djv or fb2 extension. Audio files usually have the extension mp3, wav or ogg. Files lossless audio (sound files lossless compressed) can be flac, ape, or wav. Video files differ in the extensions avi, mpeg, mp4, mkv, flv, etc. Bitmaps can be recognized by the extension jpg (jpeg, jpe), bmp, gif, png, tiff, etc. Extension vector images depends on the program in which they are made - for example, cdr for CorelDraw.
In general, file extensions in Windows often depend on the specific application, and it may be difficult or even impossible to open files with such an extension by a third-party application. For example, extension psd have files created in the graphics editor Adobe Photoshop (however, this program allows you to save the finished file in almost any graphic format). Text files created in Microsoft Word can be recognized by the doc extension (docx for newer versions of the program), and the Open Office text editor works with the odt format. Also text files can have txt or rtf permission.
How to find out, What types of files does your operating system handle? Go to Explorer, in the drop-down menu Service select item Folder properties and in the opened dialog go to the tab File types... On this tab there will be a table in two columns - the file extension in Windows and the corresponding file type.
How do I change the file extension?
Imagine: you downloaded an archive from the Internet, but the browser for some reason saved it with htm resolution (web page resolution). Naturally, you will not be able to unpack such an archive. You need change file extension to the correct one. However, Windows may not show the file extension, including for security reasons, so that the user does not inadvertently rename the file incorrectly.
To change the file extension you need enable display of file extensions in Windows. To do this, go to Windows Explorer (double click on the "My Computer" icon on the desktop or Win + E). Go to the folder where the file is located, the extension of which needs to be changed. In the Explorer menu Service select item Folder properties. IN Windows 7 there may not be a menu; in this case, press the Alt key in the Explorer window, and it will appear. Menu item equivalent to Folder properties in Windows 7 it is called Folders settings.
In the dialog box that appears, go to the tab View. IN Additional parameters there should be a line: "Hide extensions for registered file types". Uncheck the box in front of it and do not forget to click the OK button! Now the file extensions in Windows will be displayed and you can change the file extension. Also, file extensions are often shown by default in many file managers, for example, Total Commander. We remind you that you can rename a file by pressing the F2 key or by selecting the "Rename" item to the file context menu (it is invoked by the right mouse click).
However, such a technique will not allow you to change the format of the media file. You cannot make an mp3 file from an ape file or an avi file from an mkv file simply by changing the file extensions. To change the format of audio and video files, you need to convert one multimedia format to another. Also, remember that if you change the file extension incorrectly, you will not be able to open it. We can say that file extensions in Windows are not a toy!
File extension: what is it and what it is eaten with.
A file extension is a combination of letters and numbers after the last period in a file name. Most often, extensions are 3 characters long. Extensions are used to identify the type (format) of the file. With their help, the user and the computer software can determine the type of data stored in the file.
The operating system (Windows, etc.) can assign its own program to each extension, which will be launched when files of a certain type are opened. For example, in Windows, by default, Image opens "Image and Fax Viewer". Those. it is assigned extensions jpg, bmp, gif - these are extensions for different types of image files.
You can change the correspondence of extensions and programs yourself if you have several programs installed to open files with a certain extension.
The extension is usually indicated in the form * .rar, i.e. an asterisk and a period are added before the extension characters, where the asterisk represents any filename.
The extension can indicate not only the type of information that is stored in the file (image, media file, text file), but also the way this information is encoded. For example, * .gif, * .jpg, * .bmp, * .raw, * .png and others are image file extensions, but the methods of encoding images in such files are different, and NOT every program that opens one type will be able to open another.
There are files that do not have an extension, usually system files.
If your file extensions are not displayed, then this feature is disabled on your computer. Read how to enable it in the article (click on the title to go to the article)
Below is a list of the most common Windows extensions (formats) and their data types.
There are a huge number of file formats, and hence extensions. It is impossible to remember everything, and it is not necessary. At the user level, it is enough to know a small part of the above table in order to be able to recognize an audio file from a picture or a video from a text. The rest are needed either for professional activities (images for a designer, video for a video editor, etc.), or for administrators who operate with system files.
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What are File Extensions
And How To See Them
Operating room file name Windows system consists of two parts: the name itself and the extension, which are separated from each other by a dot. This is how it looks in general:
File name. expansion
The extension is necessary so that Windows can understand what type a particular file belongs to and what program it was created by.
Here are examples of the extensions of the most commonly used files:
txt- a simple text file.
doc - Microsoft document Word.
jpg, gif, bmp- the most common graphic file formats.
mp3, wav- audio files, music.
avi, mpg- video files.
flv- video in the popular Flash format (it is in this format that videos are most often laid out for viewing directly on sites).
pdf- Acrobat Reader document. Almost all manuals (instructions, descriptions) to various programs and equipment that the manufacturers burn on the supplied CD.
exe is the executable file, i.e. directly the program. If you run such a file, the program will start working.
rar, zip- these are archives created by the popular archivers WinRAR and WinZIP, respectively.
htm, html- and these are web pages. When you save a particular page from the browser to your computer, it is usually saved to disk as a file with this extension.
dll, sys- service files required for the operation of the operating system and installed programs... Never delete such files unless you are sure of what you are doing.
as I said, it is the extension that helps windows determine what information a particular file contains. It's not for nothing that when you double-click on a file to open it, the system first automatically launches the desired program, and then opens the given file in it. This recognition is due to the file extension.
Often, even the user looks at the extensions to see what type of files are currently displayed on the screen. But extensions are not always visible. It often happens that only the file names are displayed, the extensions simply do not. This means that the display of extensions is disabled in the settings of your system.
To enable it, go to "My Computer - Tools - Folder Options - View" and uncheck the "Hide extensions for registered file types" checkbox there (the settings are specified for Windows XP, may differ in other versions). Click OK. After this, the file extensions will become visible.
Try it, you might like it. Personally, I cannot work if the extensions are not visible for the files.
Best regards,
Konstantin Fest
P.S. you can significantly reduce the time when sending a large file by e-mail, if you first "compress" the file with a special program.
In order to learn how to compress files yourself, it is enough to watch only 8 small video tutorials on using the most popular WinRAR archiver program.
Click now for details -
Each file on a computer stores data of a certain type. For example, it can be text information, program codes, image, sound, or something else. Intuitively, you already understand what a file extension is. Therefore, today we will fill in the knowledge gaps and try to delve deeper into the topic.
Definition
The extension is the second part of the file name after the period. As a rule, it consists of 2-4 characters. This designation simplifies the operation of the operating system, prompting it exactly what information is contained in the document and which program to use to open the file.
When installing any new program in windows registry data is entered about what formats it can work with. It is thanks to this that pictures are opened in special galleries, and music - with the help of a multimedia player. If you want, you can change the program that will be used to open files of a certain type.
Popular extensions
It is useful to know not only what a file extension is, but also what types of data are stored in different documents. Here is a list of the most common on Windows:
- Text: txt, .doc (.docx), .rtf.
- Web pages: .htm and .html.
- Archives: .zip, .rar.
- Images: .png, .bmp, .gif, .tiff.
- Audio: .mp3, .wav, .wma, .cda.
- Videos: .avi, .wmv, .mpg (.mpeg), .MPEG-4, .wmv, .flv, .vob, .mdv, .swf.
- Presentations: .ppt (.pptx).
- Tables: .xls (.xslx).
- Fonts: .ttf, .otf.
- E-books: .pdf, .epub, .fb2, .djvu.
- Databases: .mdb, .accdb.
- Executable (running or installing programs): .exe, .bat.
Advice: when working with documents of unknown formats, the Russian-language service Open-File.ru helps a lot. Just type in the name in the directory search, and you will see the basic information: what data the document contains (image, text, etc.), what is the appropriate file extension program in which it can be opened.
Customizing the display of extensions
By default, the operating system automatically displays the document format next to its title. However, at any time you can make sure that file extensions are not displayed in Windows, or, conversely, enable them. What do I need to do?
- Go to the "Control Panel".
- Find the item it's called "Folder Options", and in Windows 8 and 10 - "Explorer Options".
- In the window that appears, select the "View" tab.
- Find the item "Hide extensions for registered file types" in the list of "Advanced options" and put a checkmark in front of it.
- Click the Apply button and close the window.
Please note that if the file extension is disabled in Windows 7 or another OS version, you need to be careful when renaming any documents. If you accidentally delete or change this annotation, the file cannot be opened.
How to change the extension
Now that you have a file extension, let's talk about how you can convert it. This is necessary if, for example, you want to open a file intended for one program in another application.
Strictly speaking, there are two ways to do this:
- Rename a document - just write the one you need instead of the "native" extension (for example, .html instead of .txt).
- Use special converter programs. Some are installed on the PC, others are available online. They are used if you need to completely change the encoding of a document.
If you want information to be displayed as correctly as possible in another program, it is better to use full-fledged converters.
Of the popular services of this type, Convertio can be noted. This online converter supports most of the common file extensions, and also has a number of additional tools such as compressing and combining PDF documents, a URL converter for extracting music and videos from websites, and scanned text recognition.
How to change the program to open
Finally, consider a situation where you downloaded a new application and want to use it to work with certain documents. For example, change the standard program for viewing photos in Windows to Microsoft Office Picture Manager. How to do it?
- Highlight desired file and open the context menu (right mouse button).
- Find Open With> Choose Another Application.
- Select the required program from the list that appears and put a check mark next to the "Always use this application ..." inscription.
- Click OK.
This means that the system will now open such a file extension using the program that you have chosen. In Windows 8 and 10, if no suitable app is found on your PC, you can also find it in the Store.
Format - specification of the structure of the data recorded in the computer file. The file format is sometimes indicated in its name, as a part separated by a period (usually this part is called the file name extension, although, strictly speaking, this is not correct). For example, the end of the name (extension) ".txt" is usually used to denote files containing only text information, and ".doc" - containing text information structured in accordance with the Microsoft Word program standards. Files whose contents correspond to one format (less often - to one family of formats) are sometimes called files of one type... Since the concept of a file generally accepted in computing is an unstructured sequence of bytes, computer programs that store structured data in files must somehow convert them to a sequence of bytes and vice versa (in OOP, these operations are called, respectively, "serialization" and "deserialization"; for textual information, the latter is also called "parsing" or "parsing"). The algorithm for this transformation, as well as the conventions for how the various pieces of information are located within the file, constitute its "format". Different file formats can differ in the level of detail, one format can be "superstructure" on top of another or use elements of other formats. For example, the text format imposes only the most general restrictions on the data structure. The HTML format sets additional rules for the internal structure of the file, but any HTML file is at the same time a text file.
Specifications
For many file formats, there are published specifications that detail the structure of the file format, how programs should encode data to write to this format, and how to decode it when read. Most of these specifications are freely available, some are available for a fee. Sometimes companies may consider certain file formats their trade secrets and not publish them. A well-known example is the Microsoft Office file formats. In some cases, the company that released the application simply does not consider it necessary to spend time writing a detailed specification. If a format specification is not available, reverse engineering is required to make the program compatible with that format. In most or all countries, file formats are not protected by copyright laws. However, in some countries, the algorithms used to encode data into a format may be protected by patents. For example, the widespread GIF format used a proprietary algorithm (the duration of patents in different countries expired in 2003-2004), which led to the development of an alternative PNG format.
Determining the file type
File type Is information for quick identification of the file contents by the operating system and the user without having to read the entire file contents. Thanks to this information, the user approximately knows the type of information contained in the file, and the operating system can be associated with a program for processing files of this type. In order to work properly with files, programs must be able to determine their type. For historical reasons, different operating systems use different approaches to accomplish this task.
File name extension
Some operating systems, such as CP / M, DOS, and Microsoft Windows, use part of the file name to identify the file type, that is, the "file name extension". In old operating systems, these were three characters separated from the file name by a dot (in FAT file systems, the name and extension were stored separately, the dot was added already at the OS level); on newer systems, the extension can be just part of the name, in which case its length is limited only by the unused length of the name (which can be, for example, 255 characters). For example, HTML files can have the extension ".htm" or ".html". The user can freely change the file extension. Since many user shells use an extension to determine the program with which to open a file, this can render the file unavailable or even "lost" if the user forgets the original extension. Therefore, Windows Explorer hides extensions by default. This practice also has a downside: since the file extension is not visible, you can trick the user into thinking that, for example, a file with the .exe extension is an image with a different extension. At the same time, an experienced user can use the ability to change the type assigned to a file by simply changing the extension to open it in another program without specifying it directly. This can be useful if the program does not provide for opening files with some extension, and the user knows that their format is suitable for processing in this program.
Magic numbers
Another method, widely used in UNIX-like operating systems, is to store in the file itself a "magic number" (signature) - a sequence of characters by which the file format can be recognized. Originally this term was used for a special set of 2-byte identifiers stored at the beginning of the file (this practice has carried over to other operating systems, for example, MZ in MS-DOS), however, any sequence of characters typical for this format can be used as “ magic number ". To determine the format of the file, use the file command, which uses the file / usr / share / misc / magic
Metadata
Some file systems allow additional attributes to be stored for each file, ie, "metadata". This metadata can be used to store information about the file type. This approach is used in Apple Macintosh computers. Metadata is supported by modern file systems such as HPFS, NTFS, ext2, ext3 and others. The disadvantage of this method is poor portability - when copying files between file systems of different types, metadata may be lost.
The data types defined by the MIME standard are widely used in various network protocols, but they are rarely used in file systems.
The table below lists the most commonly used file formats today.
|
File extensions |
Formats |
|
Archive file formats |
|
Installation file deb Debian Package Manager MSI Windows Installer (formerly Microsoft Installer) pkg BeOS SoftwareValet RPM is used by Red Hat sis, sisx is used in Symbian OS APK is used in Android OS CAB is used in Windows Mobile |
Executable formats (program file formats) |
text file (.txt) AmigaGuide (.guide) Rich Text Format (.rtf) (Microsoft accepted format for storing rich text) OpenDocument Text (.odt) (open text format variant) OpenOffice.org/StarOffice Writer (.sxw) (also plain text format) |
Text formats |
BMP (Windows or OS / 2 bitmap) cpt(Corel PHOTO-PAINT bitmap) GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) HDR (High Dynamic Range) JPEG, JPG, JPE (Joint Photographic Experts Group) JPEG 2000 (.jp2) PCX (ZSoft PaintBrush) PDN (Paint.NET Image) PNG (Portable Network Graphics) PSD (Photoshop document) TGA (Truevision Targa) (.TGA, .tpic) TIFF, TIF (Tagged Image Format) WDP, HDP (Windows Media Photo) |
Graphic formats |
|
AA - Audible Audio Book File AAC - Advanced Audio Coding AMR - Adaptive Multi-Rate APE - Monkey "s Audio CDA - CD Digital Audio FLAC - Flat C Audio MT9 - Music 2.0 Ogg - Vorbits VOC - Creative SoundBlaster WAV - Windows PCM / ADPCM WMA - Windows Multimedia |
Sound phonograms, audio recordings |
ASF (Advanced Streaming Format) AVI (Audio Video Interleave) BinkVideo (.bik) FLV (Flash Video) |
Video formats |
Static Dynamically generated |
the Internet |
Bibliography.
Constitution Russian Federation... Comment. M .: Jurid.lit., 1994.
Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. "Legal literature". M .: 1994.
Federal Constitutional Law “On Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation”, Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. M .: "Os-89", 1995.